Mosaic
![From Pompeii, Casa di Orfeo [[National Archaeological Museum, Naples](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/Cave_canem_MAN_Napoli_Inv110666.jpg)
Mosaic today includes not just murals and pavements, but also artwork, hobby crafts, and industrial and construction forms.
Mosaics have a long history, starting in Mesopotamia in the 3rd millennium BC. Pebble mosaics were made in Tiryns in Mycenean Greece; mosaics with patterns and pictures became widespread in classical times, both in Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome. Early Christian basilicas from the 4th century onwards were decorated with wall and ceiling mosaics. Mosaic art flourished in the Byzantine Empire from the 6th to the 15th centuries; that tradition was adopted by the Norman Kingdom of Sicily in the 12th century, by the eastern-influenced Republic of Venice, and among the Rus. Mosaic fell out of fashion in the Renaissance, though artists like Raphael continued to practice the old technique. Roman and Byzantine influence led Jewish artists to decorate 5th and 6th century synagogues in the Middle East with floor mosaics.
Figurative mosaic, but mostly without human figures, was widely used on religious buildings and palaces in early Islamic art, including Islam's first great religious building, the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem, and the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus. Such mosaics went out of fashion in the Islamic world after the 8th century, except for geometrical patterns in techniques such as zellij, which remain popular in many areas.
Modern mosaics are made by artists and craftspeople around the world. Many materials other than traditional stone, ceramic tesserae, enameled and stained glass may be employed, including shells, beads, charms, chains, gears, coins, and pieces of costume jewelry. Provided by Wikipedia
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41by André, C., Ottle, Catherine, Royer, A., Maignan, F.Contributors: “...Modélisation des Surfaces et Interfaces Continentales (MOSAIC)...”
Published in Remote Sensing of Environment (2015)
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42by André, C., Ottle, Catherine, Royer, A., Maignan, F.Contributors: “...Modélisation des Surfaces et Interfaces Continentales (MOSAIC)...”
Published in Remote Sensing of Environment (2015)
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43by André, C., Ottle, Catherine, Royer, A., Maignan, F.Contributors: “...Modélisation des Surfaces et Interfaces Continentales (MOSAIC)...”
Published in Remote Sensing of Environment (2015)
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44by Vimeux, Françoise, Maignan, Fabienne, Reutenauer, Corentin, Pouyaud, BernardContributors: “...Modélisation des Surfaces et Interfaces Continentales (MOSAIC)...”
Published in Journal of Glaciology (2011)
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45by Vimeux, Françoise, Maignan, Fabienne, Reutenauer, Corentin, Pouyaud, BernardContributors: “...Modélisation des Surfaces et Interfaces Continentales (MOSAIC)...”
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46by DRUEL, Arsène, Ciais, Philippe, Krinner, Gerhard, Peylin, PhilippeContributors: “...Modélisation des Surfaces et Interfaces Continentales (MOSAIC)...”
Published in Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems (2019)
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47by Nishina, K., Ito, A., Beerling, D., Cadule, P., Ciais, Philippe, Clark, D., Falloon, P., Friend, A., Kahana, R., Kato, E., Keribin, R., Lucht, W., Lomas, M., Rademacher, T., Pavlick, R., Schaphoff, S., Vuichard, N., Warszawaski, L., Yokohata, T.Contributors: “...Modélisation des Surfaces et Interfaces Continentales (MOSAIC)...”
Published in Earth System Dynamics (2014)
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48by Vimeux, Françoise, Maignan, Fabienne, Reutenauer, Corentin, Pouyaud, BernardContributors: “...Modélisation des Surfaces et Interfaces Continentales (MOSAIC)...”
Published in Journal of Glaciology (2011)
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49by Vimeux, Françoise, Maignan, Fabienne, Reutenauer, Corentin, Pouyaud, BernardContributors: “...Modélisation des Surfaces et Interfaces Continentales (MOSAIC)...”
Published in Journal of Glaciology (2011)
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50by Vimeux, Françoise, Maignan, Fabienne, Reutenauer, Corentin, Pouyaud, BernardContributors: “...Modélisation des Surfaces et Interfaces Continentales (MOSAIC)...”
Published in Journal of Glaciology (2011)
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51by Nishina, K., Ito, A., Beerling, D., Cadule, P., Ciais, Philippe, Clark, D., Falloon, P., Friend, A., Kahana, R., Kato, E., Keribin, R., Lucht, W., Lomas, M., Rademacher, T., Pavlick, R., Schaphoff, S., Vuichard, N., Warszawaski, L., Yokohata, T.Contributors: “...Modélisation des Surfaces et Interfaces Continentales (MOSAIC)...”
Published in Earth System Dynamics (2014)
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52by Nishina, K., Ito, A., Beerling, D., Cadule, P., Ciais, Philippe, Clark, D., Falloon, P., Friend, A., Kahana, R., Kato, E., Keribin, R., Lucht, W., Lomas, M., Rademacher, T., Pavlick, R., Schaphoff, S., Vuichard, N., Warszawaski, L., Yokohata, T.Contributors: “...Modélisation des Surfaces et Interfaces Continentales (MOSAIC)...”
Published in Earth System Dynamics (2014)
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53by Vimeux, Françoise, Maignan, Fabienne, Reutenauer, Corentin, Pouyaud, BernardContributors: “...Modélisation des Surfaces et Interfaces Continentales (MOSAIC)...”
Published in Journal of Glaciology (2011)
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54by Churakova, Olga V., Shashkin, Aleksandr V., Siegwolf, Rolf T. W., Spahni, Renato, Launois, Thomas, Saurer, Matthias, Bryukhanova, Marina V., Benkova, Anna V., Kuptsova, Anna V., Peylin, Philippe, Vaganov, Eugene A., Masson-Delmotte, Valerie, Roden, JohnContributors: “...Modélisation des Surfaces et Interfaces Continentales (MOSAIC)...”
Published in Dendrochronologia (2016)
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55by Churakova, Olga V., Shashkin, Aleksandr V., Siegwolf, Rolf T. W., Spahni, Renato, Launois, Thomas, Saurer, Matthias, Bryukhanova, Marina V., Benkova, Anna V., Kuptsova, Anna V., Peylin, Philippe, Vaganov, Eugene A., Masson-Delmotte, Valerie, Roden, JohnContributors: “...Modélisation des Surfaces et Interfaces Continentales (MOSAIC)...”
Published in Dendrochronologia (2016)
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56by Zhu, Dan, Ciais, Philippe, Krinner, Gerhard, Maignan, Fabienne, Jornet Puig, Albert, Hugelius, GustafContributors: “...Modélisation des Surfaces et Interfaces Continentales (MOSAIC)...”
Published in Nature Communications (2019)
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57by Zhu, Dan, Ciais, Philippe, Krinner, Gerhard, Maignan, Fabienne, Jornet Puig, Albert, Hugelius, GustafContributors: “...Modélisation des Surfaces et Interfaces Continentales (MOSAIC)...”
Published in Nature Communications (2019)
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58by Druel, Arsène, Peylin, Philippe, Krinner, Gerhard, Ciais, Philippe, Viovy, Nicolas, Peregon, Anna, Bastrikov, Vladislav, Kosykh, Natalya, Mironycheva-Tokareva, NinaContributors: “...Modélisation des Surfaces et Interfaces Continentales (MOSAIC)...”
Published in Geoscientific Model Development (2017)
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59by Druel, Arsène, Peylin, Philippe, Krinner, Gerhard, Ciais, Philippe, Viovy, Nicolas, Peregon, Anna, Bastrikov, Vladislav, Kosykh, Natalya, Mironycheva-Tokareva, NinaContributors: “...Modélisation des Surfaces et Interfaces Continentales (MOSAIC)...”
Published in Geoscientific Model Development (2017)
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60by Druel, Arsène, Ciais, Philippe, Krinner, Gerhard, Peylin, PhilippeContributors: “...Modélisation des Surfaces et Interfaces Continentales (MOSAIC)...”
Published in Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems (2019)
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