John A. Macdonald
Sir John Alexander Macdonald ( 10 or 11 January 1815 – 6 June 1891) was the first prime minister of Canada, serving from 1867 to 1873 and from 1878 until his death in 1891. He was the dominant figure of Canadian Confederation, and had a political career that spanned almost half a century.Macdonald was born in Scotland; when he was a boy his family immigrated to Kingston in the Province of Upper Canada (today in eastern Ontario). As a lawyer, he was involved in several high-profile cases and quickly became prominent in Kingston, which elected him in 1844 to the legislature of the Province of Canada. By 1857, he had become premier under the colony's unstable political system. In 1864, when no party proved capable of governing for long, Macdonald agreed to a proposal from his political rival, George Brown, that the parties unite in a Great Coalition to seek federation and political reform. Macdonald was the leading figure in the subsequent discussions and conferences, which resulted in the British North America Act and the establishment of Canada as a nation on 1 July 1867.
Macdonald was the first prime minister of the new nation, and served 19 years; only William Lyon Mackenzie King has served longer. In his first term, Macdonald established the North-West Mounted Police and expanded Canada by annexing the North-Western Territory, Rupert's Land, British Columbia, and Prince Edward Island. In 1873, he resigned from office over a scandal in which his party took bribes from businessmen seeking the contract to build the Canadian Pacific Railway. However, he was re-elected in 1878. Macdonald's greatest achievements were building and guiding a successful national government for the new Dominion, using patronage to forge a strong Conservative Party, promoting the protective tariff of the National Policy, and completing the railway. He fought to block provincial efforts to take power back from the national government in Ottawa. He approved the execution of Métis leader Louis Riel for treason in 1885 which alienated many francophones from his Conservative Party. He continued as prime minister until his death in 1891. He remains the oldest prime minister in Canadian history.
In the 21st century, Macdonald has come under criticism for his role in the Chinese Head Tax and federal policies towards Indigenous peoples, including his actions during the North-West Rebellion that resulted in Riel's execution, and the development of the residential school system designed to assimilate Indigenous children. Macdonald, however, remains respected for his key role in the formation of Canada. Historical rankings in surveys of experts in Canadian political history have consistently placed Macdonald as one of the highest-rated prime ministers in Canadian history. Provided by Wikipedia
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981by Westgate, John A., Hamilton, Thomas D., Gorton, Michael P.Get access
Published in Quaternary Research (1983)
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982by Bagherzadeh, S. Alireza, Englezos, Peter, Alavi, Saman, Ripmeester, John A.Get access
Published in The Journal of Physical Chemistry B (2012)
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983by Flewelling, Andrew J., Johnson, John A., Gray, Christopher A.Get access
Published in Botanica Marina (2013)
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985by Hargis, Christina D., Bissonette, John. A., Turner, David L.Get access
Published in Journal of Applied Ecology (1999)
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986by Susilo, Robin, Alavi, Saman, Ripmeester, John A., Englezos, PeterGet access
Published in The Journal of Chemical Physics (2008)
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987by Hadjinicolaou, Panos, Jrrar, Amna, Pyle, John A., Bishop, LaneGet access
Published in Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society (2002)
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988by Javo, Cecilie, Alapack, Richard, Heyerdahl, Sonja, Røsnning, John A.Get access
Published in Family Process (2003)
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993by Hemer, Mark A., Church, John A., Hunter, John R.Get access
Published in International Journal of Climatology (2009)
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994by Howe, John A., Moreton, Steven G., Morri, Clara, Morris, PeterGet access
Published in Polar Research (2003)
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996by McLaurin, Graham, Shin, Kyuchul, Alavi, Saman, Ripmeester, John A.Get access
Published in Angewandte Chemie International Edition (2014)
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997by Townson, Iwan, Walker, Virginia K., Ripmeester, John A., Englezos, PeterGet access
Published in Energy & Fuels (2012)
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998by Bagherzadeh, S. Alizera, Englezos, Peter, Moudrakovski, Igor L., Ripmeester, John A.Get access
Published 2011
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999by Bagherzadeh, S. Alireza, Moudrakovski, Igor L., Ripmeester, John A., Englezos, PeterGet access
Published in Energy & Fuels (2011)
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1000by Naeiji, Parisa, Woo, Tom K., Alavi, Saman, Ripmeester, John A.Get access
Published in The Journal of Physical Chemistry C (2019)
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