John A. Macdonald
![Macdonald, {{circa}} 1875](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/71/John_A_Macdonald_%28ca._1875%29.jpg)
Macdonald was born in Scotland; when he was a boy his family immigrated to Kingston in the Province of Upper Canada (today in eastern Ontario). As a lawyer, he was involved in several high-profile cases and quickly became prominent in Kingston, which elected him in 1844 to the legislature of the Province of Canada. By 1857, he had become premier under the colony's unstable political system. In 1864, when no party proved capable of governing for long, Macdonald agreed to a proposal from his political rival, George Brown, that the parties unite in a Great Coalition to seek federation and political reform. Macdonald was the leading figure in the subsequent discussions and conferences, which resulted in the British North America Act and the establishment of Canada as a nation on 1 July 1867.
Macdonald was the first prime minister of the new nation, and served 19 years; only William Lyon Mackenzie King has served longer. In his first term, Macdonald established the North-West Mounted Police and expanded Canada by annexing the North-Western Territory, Rupert's Land, British Columbia, and Prince Edward Island. In 1873, he resigned from office over a scandal in which his party took bribes from businessmen seeking the contract to build the Canadian Pacific Railway. However, he was re-elected in 1878. Macdonald's greatest achievements were building and guiding a successful national government for the new Dominion, using patronage to forge a strong Conservative Party, promoting the protective tariff of the National Policy, and completing the railway. He fought to block provincial efforts to take power back from the national government in Ottawa. He approved the execution of Métis leader Louis Riel for treason in 1885 which alienated many francophones from his Conservative Party. He continued as prime minister until his death in 1891. He remains the oldest prime minister in Canadian history.
In the 21st century, Macdonald has come under criticism for his role in the Chinese Head Tax and federal policies towards Indigenous peoples, including his actions during the North-West Rebellion that resulted in Riel's execution, and the development of the residential school system designed to assimilate Indigenous children. Macdonald, however, remains respected for his key role in the formation of Canada. Historical rankings in surveys of experts in Canadian political history have consistently placed Macdonald as one of the highest-rated prime ministers in Canadian history. Provided by Wikipedia
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2521by Foote, Andrew D., Hooper, Rebecca, Alexander, Alana, Baird, Robin W., Baker, Charles Scott, Ballance, Lisa, Barlow, Jay, Brownlow, Andrew, Collins, Tim, Constantine, Rochelle, Rosa, Luciano Dalla, Davison, Nicholas J., Durban, John W., Esteban, Ruth, Excoffier, Laurent, Martin, Sarah L. Fordyce, Forney, Karin A., Gerrodette, Tim, Gilbert, M. Thomas P., Guinet, Christophe, Hanson, M. Bradley, Li, Songhai, Martin, Michael D., Robertson, Kelly M., Samarra, Filipa I. P., Stephanis, Renaud, Tavares, Sara B., Tixier, Paul, Totterdell, John A., Wade, Paul, Wolf, Jochen B. W., Fan, Guangyi, Zhang, Yaolei, Morin, Phillip A.Get access
Published in Molecular Ecology (2021)
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2522by Foote, Andrew D., Hooper, Rebecca, Alexander, Alana, Baird, Robin W., Baker, Charles Scott, Ballance, Lisa, Barlow, Jay, Brownlow, Andrew, Collins, Tim, Constantine, Rochelle, Dalla Rosa, Luciano, Davison, Nicholas J., Durban, John W., Esteban, Ruth, Excoffier, Laurent, Fordyce Martin, Sarah L., Forney, Karin A., Gerrodette, Tim, Gilbert, M. Thomas P., Guinet, Christophe, Hanson, M. Bradley, Li, Songhai, Martin, Michael D., Robertson, Kelly M., Samarra, Filipa I. P., Stephanis, Renaud, Tavares, Sara B., Tixier, Paul, Totterdell, John A., Wade, Paul, Wolf, Jochen B. W., Fan, Guangyi, Zhang, Yaolei, Morin, Philiip AGet access
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2523by Foote, Andrew D., Hooper, Rebecca, Alexander, Alana, Baird, Robin W., Baker, Charles Scott, Ballance, Lisa, Barlow, Jay, Brownlow, Andrew, Collins, Tim, Constantine, Rochelle, Dalla Rosa, Luciano, Davison, Nicholas J., Durban, John W., Esteban, Ruth, Excoffier, Laurent, Fordyce Martin, Sarah L., Forney, Karin A., Gerrodette, Tim, Gilbert, M. Thomas P., Guinet, Christophe, Hanson, M. Bradley, Li, Songhai, Martin, Michael D., Robertson, Kelly M., Samarra, Filipa I. P., de Stephanis, Renaud, Tavares, Sara B., Tixier, Paul, Totterdell, John A., Wade, Paul, Wolf, Jochen B.W., Fan, Guangyi, Zhang, Yaolei, Morin, Phillip A.Get access
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2524by Foote, Andrew D., Martin, Michael D., Louis, Marie, Pacheco, George, Robertson, Kelly M., Sinding, Mikkel‐Holger S., Amaral, Ana Rita, Baird, Robin W., Baker, Charles Scott, Ballance, Lisa, Barlow, Jay, Brownlow, Andrew, Collins, Tim, Constantine, Rochelle, Dabin, Willy, Dalla Rosa, Luciano, Davison, Nicholas J., Durban, John W., Esteban, Ruth, Ferguson, Steven H., Gerrodette, Tim, Guinet, Christophe, Hanson, M. Bradley, Hoggard, Wayne, Matthews, Cory J. D., Samarra, Filipa I. P., de Stephanis, Renaud, Tavares, Sara B., Tixier, Paul, Totterdell, John A., Wade, Paul, Excoffier, Laurent, Gilbert, M. Thomas P., Wolf, Jochen B. W., Morin, Phillip A.Get access
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2525by Foote, Andrew D., Martin, Michael D., Louis, Marie, Pacheco, George, Robertson, Kelly M., Sinding, Mikkel-Holger S., Amaral, Ana R., Baird, Robin W., Baker, Charles Scott, Ballance, Lisa, Barlow, Jay, Brownlow, Andrew, Collins, Tim, Constantine, Rochelle, Dabin, Willy, Dalla Rosa, Luciano, Davison, Nicholas J., Durban, John W., Esteban, Ruth, Ferguson, Steven H., Gerrodette, Tim, Guinet, Christophe, Hanson, M. Bradley, Hoggard, Wayne, Matthews, Cory J. D., Samarra, Filipa I. P., De Stephanis, Renaud, Tavares, Sara B., Tixier, Paul, Totterdell, John A., Wade, Paul, Excoffier, Laurent, Gilbert, M. Thomas P., Wolf, Jochen B. W., Morin, Phillip A.Get access
Published 2019
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2526by Foote, Andrew D., Martin, Michael D., Louis, Marie, Pacheco, George, Robertson, Kelly M., Sinding, Mikkel-Holger S., Amaral, Ana R., Baird, Robin W., Baker, Charles Scott, Ballance, Lisa, Barlow, Jay, Brownlow, Andrew, Collins, Tim, Constantine, Rochelle, Dabin, Willy, Dalla Rosa, Luciano, Davison, Nicholas J., Durban, John W., Esteban, Ruth, Ferguson, Steven H., Gerrodette, Tim, Guinet, Christophe, Hanson, M. Bradley, Hoggard, Wayne, Matthews, Cory J.D., Samarra, Filipa I.P., de Stephanis, Renaud, Tavares, Sara B., Tixier, Paul, Totterdell, John A., Wade, Paul, Excoffier, Laurent, Gilbert, M.Thomas P., Wolf, Jochen B.W., Morin, Phillip A.Get access
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2527by Foote, Andrew D., Hooper, Rebecca, Alexander, Alana, Baird, Robin W., Baker, Charles Scott, Ballance, Lisa, Barlow, Jay, Brownlow, Andrew, Collins, Tim, Constantine, Rochelle, Dalla Rosa, Luciano, Davison, Nicholas J., Durban, John W., Esteban, Ruth, Excoffier, Laurent, Fordyce Martin, Sarah L., Forney, Karin A., Gerrodette, Tim, Gilbert, M. Thomas P., Guinet, Christophe, Hanson, M. Bradley, Li, Songhai, Martin, Michael D., Robertson, Kelly M., Samarra, Filipa I. P., de Stephanis, Renaud, Tavares, Sara B., Tixier, Paul, Totterdell, John A., Wade, Paul, Wolf, Jochen B. W., Fan, Guangyi, Zhang, Yaolei, Morin, Phillip A.Get access
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2528by Foote, Andrew D., Martin, Michael D., Louis, Marie, Pacheco, George, Robertson, Kelly M., Sinding, Mikkel-Holger S., Amaral, Ana R., Baird, Robin W., Baker, Charles Scott, Ballance, Lisa, Barlow, Jay, Brownlow, Andrew, Collins, Tim, Constantine, Rochelle, Dabin, Willy, Dalla Rosa, Luciano, Davison, Nicholas J., Durban, John W., Esteban, Ruth, Ferguson, Steven H., Gerrodette, Tim, Guinet, Christophe, Hanson, M. Bradley, Hoggard, Wayne, Matthews, Cory J. D., Samarra, Filipa I. P., de Stephanis, Renaud, Tavares, Sara B., Tixier, Paul, Totterdell, John A., Wade, Paul, Excoffier, Laurent, Gilbert, M. Thomas P., Wolf, Jochen B. W., Morin, Phillip A.Get access
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2529by Leising, Andrew W., Schroeder, Isaac D., Bograd, Steven J., Bjorkstedt, Eric P., Field, John, Sakuma, Keith, Abell, Jeffrey, Robertson, Roxanne, Tyburczy, Joe, Peterson, William T., Brodeur, Ric, Barcelo, Caren, Auth, Toby D., Daly, Elizabeth A., Campbell, Gregory S., Hildebrand, John A., Suryan, Robert M., Gladics, Amanda J., Horton, Cheryl A., Kahru, M, Manzano-Sarabia, M., McClatchie, S., Weber, Edward D., Watson, William, Santora, Jarrod A., Sydeman, William J., Melin, Sharon R., Delong, Robert L., Largier, John, Kim, Sung Yong, Chavez, Francisco P., Golightly, Richard T., Schneider, Stephanie R., Warzybok, Pete, Bradley, Russel, Jahncke, Jaime, Fisher, Jennifer, Peterson, JayGet access
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2530by Foote, Andrew D, Martin, Michael D, Louis, Marie, Pacheco, George, Robertson, Kelly M, Sinding, Mikkel-Holger S, Amaral, Ana R, Baird, Robin W, Baker, Charles Scott, Ballance, Lisa, Barlow, Jay, Brownlow, Andrew, Collins, Tim, Constantine, Rochelle, Dabin, Willy, Dalla Rosa, Luciano, Davison, Nicholas J, Durban, John W, Esteban, Ruth, Ferguson, Steven H, Gerrodette, Tim, Guinet, Christophe, Hanson, M Bradley, Hoggard, Wayne, Matthews, Cory J D, Samarra, Filipa I P, de Stephanis, Renaud, Tavares, Sara B, Tixier, Paul, Totterdell, John A, Wade, Paul, Excoffier, Laurent, Gilbert, M Thomas P, Wolf, Jochen B W, Morin, Phillip AGet access
Published in Molecular Ecology (2019)
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2531by Foote, Andrew D., Martin, Michael D., Louis, Marie, Pacheco, George, Robertson, Kelly M, Sinding, Mikkel-Holger S, Amaral, Ana R, Baird, Robin W., Baker, Charles Scott, Ballance, Lisa, Barlow, Jay, Brownlow, Andrew, Collins, Tim, Constantine, Rochelle, Dabin, Willy, Dalla Rosa, Luciano, Davison, Nicholas J, Durban, John W, Esteban, Ruth, Ferguson, Steven H., Gerrodette, Tim, Guinet, Christophe, Hanson, M. Bradley, Hoggard, Wayne, Matthews, Cory J D, Samarra, Filipa I. P., de Stephanis, Renaud, Tavares, Sara B, Tixier, Paul, Totterdell, John A, Wade, Paul, Excoffier, Laurent, Gilbert, M Thomas P, Wolf, Jochen B. W., Morin, Phillip A.Get access
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2532by Foote, Andrew D., Hooper, Rebecca, Alexander, Alana, Baird, Robin W., Baker, Charles Scott, Ballance, Lisa, Barlow, Jay, Brownlow, Andrew, Collins, Tim, Constantine, Rochelle, Dalla Rosa, Luciano, Davison, Nicholas J., Durban, John W., Esteban, Ruth, Excoffier, Laurent, Martin, Sarah L. Fordyce, Forney, Karin A., Gerrodette, Tim, Gilbert, M. Thomas P., Guinet, Christophe, Hanson, M. Bradley, Li, Songhai, Martin, Michael D., Robertson, Kelly M., Samarra, Filipa I. P., de Stephanis, Renaud, Tavares, Sara B., Tixier, Paul, Totterdell, John A., Wade, Paul, Wolf, Jochen B. W., Fan, Guangyi, Zhang, Yaolei, Morin, Phillip A.Get access
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2533by Foote, Andrew D., Hooper, Rebecca, Alexander, Alana, Baird, Robin W., Baker, Charles Scott, Ballance, Lisa, Barlow, Jay, Brownlow, Andrew, Collins, Tim, Constantine, Rochelle, Dalla Rosa, Luciano, Davison, Nicholas J., Durban, John W., Esteban, Ruth, Excoffier, Laurent, Fordyce Martin, Sarah L., Forney, Karin A., Gerrodette, Tim, Gilbert, M. Thomas P., Guinet, Christophe, Hanson, M. Bradley, Li, Songhai, Martin, Michael D., Robertson, Kelly M., Samarra, Filipa I. P., de Stephanis, Renaud, Tavares, Sara B., Tixier, Paul, Totterdell, John A., Wade, Paul, Wolf, Jochen B.W., Fan, Guangyi, Zhang, Yaolei, Morin, Phillip A.Get access
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2534by Foote, Andrew D., Hooper, Rebecca, Alexander, Alana, Baird, Robin W., Baker, Charles Scott, Ballance, Lisa, Barlow, Jay, Brownlow, Andrew, Collins, Tim, Constantine, Rochelle, Dalla Rosa, Luciano, Davison, Nicholas J., Durban, John W., Esteban, Ruth, Excoffier, Laurent, Martin, Sarah L. Fordyce, Forney, Karin A., Gerrodette, Tim, Gilbert, M. Thomas P., Guinet, Christophe, Hanson, M. Bradley, Li, Songhai, Martin, Michael D., Robertson, Kelly M., Samarra, Filipa I. P., de Stephanis, Renaud, Tavares, Sara B., Tixier, Paul, Totterdell, John A., Wade, Paul, Wolf, Jochen B. W., Fan, Guangyi, Zhang, Yaolei, Morin, Phillip A.Get access
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2535by Trites, Andrew W., Miller, Arthur J., Maschner, Herbert D.G., Alexander, Michael A., Bograd, Steven J., Calder, John A., Capotondi, Antonietta, Coyle, Kenneth O., DiLorenzo, Emanuele, Finney, Bruce P., Gregr, Edward J., Grosch, Chester E., Hare, Steven R., Hunt, George L. Jr., Jahncke, Jaime, Kachel, Nancy B., Kim, Hey-Jin, Ladd, Carol, Mantua, Nathan J., Marzban, Caren, Maslowski, Wieslaw, Mendelssohn, Roy, Neilson, Douglas J., Okkonen, Stephen R., Overland, James F., Reedy-Maschner, Katherine L., Royer, Thomas C., Schwing, Franklin B., Wang, Julian X.L., Winship, Arliss J.Get access
Published 2007
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2536by Foote, Andrew D., Martin, Michael D., Louis, Marie, Pacheco, George, Robertson, Kelly M., Sinding, Mikkel‐Holger S., Amaral, Ana R., Baird, Robin W., Baker, Charles Scott, Ballance, Lisa, Barlow, Jay, Brownlow, Andrew, Collins, Tim, Constantine, Rochelle, Dabin, Willy, Dalla Rosa, Luciano, Davison, Nicholas J., Durban, John W., Esteban, Ruth, Ferguson, Steven H., Gerrodette, Tim, Guinet, Christophe, Hanson, M. Bradley, Hoggard, Wayne, Matthews, Cory J. D., Samarra, Filipa I. P., de Stephanis, Renaud, Tavares, Sara B., Tixier, Paul, Totterdell, John A., Wade, Paul, Excoffier, Laurent, Gilbert, M. Thomas P., Wolf, Jochen B. W., Morin, Phillip A.Get access
Published in Molecular Ecology (2019)
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2537by Davis, Genevieve E, Baumgartner, Mark F., Bonnell, Julianne M., Bell, Joel, Berchok, Catherine L., Bort Thornton, Jacqueline, Brault, Solange, Buchanan, Gary, Charif, Russell A., Cholewiak, Danielle, Clark, Christopher W., Corkeron, Peter J., Delarue, Julien, Dudzinski, Kathleen, Hatch, Leila T, Hildebrand, John A., Hodge, Lynne EW, Klinck, Holger, Kraus, Scott, Martin, Bruce, Mellinger, David K, Moors-murphy, Hilary, Nieukirk, Sharon L, Nowacek, Douglas P., Parks, Susan E., Read, Andrew J, Rice, Aaron N, Risch, Denise, Širović, Ana, Soldevilla, Melissa S., Stafford, Kate, Stanistreet, Joy E, Summers, Erin, Todd, Sean, Warde, Ann, Van Parijs, Sofie M.Get access
Published in Scientific Reports (2017)
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2538by Dhomse, Sandip, Kinnison, Douglas, Chipperfield, Martyn P., Cionni, Irene, Hegglin, Michaela, Abraham, N. Luke, Akiyoshi, Hideharu, Archibald, Alex T., Bednarz, Ewa M., Bekki, Slimane, Braesicke, Peter, Butchart, Neal, Dameris, Martin, Deushi, Makoto, Frith, Stacy, Hardiman, Steven C., Hassler, Birgit, Horowitz, Larry W., Hu, Rong Ming, Jöckel, Patrick, Josse, Béatrice, Kirner, Oliver, Kremser, Stefanie, Langematz, Ulrike, Lewis, Jared, Marchand, Marion, Lin, Meiyun, Mancini, Eva, Marecal, Virginie, Michou, Martine, Morgenstern, Olaf, O'Connor, Fiona M., Oman, Luke, Pitari, Giovanni, Plummer, David A., Pyle, John A., Revell, Laura E., Rozanov, Eugene, Schofield, Robyn, Stenke, Andrea, Stone, Kane, Sudo, Kengo, Tilmes, Simone, Visioni, Daniele, Yamashita, Yousuke, Zeng, GuangGet access
Published in Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (2018)
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2539by Dhomse, Sandip, Kinnison, Douglas, Chipperfield, Martyn P., Cionni, Irene, Hegglin, Michaela, Abraham, N. Luke, Akiyoshi, Hideharu, Archibald, Alex T., Bednarz, Ewa M., Bekki, Slimane, Braesicke, Peter, Butchart, Neal, Dameris, Martin, Deushi, Makoto, Frith, Stacy, Hardiman, Steven C., Hassler, Birgit, Horowitz, Larry W., Hu, Rong-Ming, Jöckel, Patrick, Josse, Béatrice, Kirner, Oliver, Kremser, Stefanie, Langematz, Ulrike, Lewis, Jared, Marchand, Marion, Lin, Meiyun, Mancini, Eva, Marecal, Virginie, Michou, Martine, Morgenstern, Olaf, O'Connor, Fiona M., Oman, Luke, Pitari, Giovanni, Plummer, David A., Pyle, John A., Revell, Laura E., Rozanov, Eugene, Schofield, Robyn, Stenke, Andrea, Stone, Kane, Sudo, Kengo, Tilmes, Simone, Visioni, Daniele, Yamashita, Yousuke, Zeng, GuangGet access
Published in Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (2018)
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2540by Oehri, Jacqueline, Schaepman-Strub, Gabriela, Kim, Jin Soo, Grysko, Raleigh, Kropp, Heather, Grünberg, Inge, Zemlianskii, Vitalii, Sonnentag, Oliver, Euskirchen, Eugénie S., Reji Chacko, Merin, Muscari, Giovanni, Blanken, Peter D., Dean, Joshua F., di Sarra, Alcide, Harding, Richard J., Sobota, Ireneusz, Kutzbach, Lars, Plekhanova, Elena, Riihelä, Aku, Boike, Julia, Miller, Nathaniel B., Beringer, Jason, López-Blanco, Efrén, Stoy, Paul C., Sullivan, Ryan C., Kejna, Marek, Parmentier, Frans Jan W., Gamon, John A., Mastepanov, Mikhail, Wille, Christian, Jackowicz-Korczynski, Marcin, Karger, Dirk N., Quinton, William L., Putkonen, Jaakko, van As, Dirk, Christensen, Torben R., Hakuba, Maria Z., Stone, Robert S., Metzger, Stefan, Vandecrux, BaptisteGet access
Published 2022
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