John A. Macdonald
![Macdonald, {{circa}} 1875](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/71/John_A_Macdonald_%28ca._1875%29.jpg)
Macdonald was born in Scotland; when he was a boy his family immigrated to Kingston in the Province of Upper Canada (today in eastern Ontario). As a lawyer, he was involved in several high-profile cases and quickly became prominent in Kingston, which elected him in 1844 to the legislature of the Province of Canada. By 1857, he had become premier under the colony's unstable political system. In 1864, when no party proved capable of governing for long, Macdonald agreed to a proposal from his political rival, George Brown, that the parties unite in a Great Coalition to seek federation and political reform. Macdonald was the leading figure in the subsequent discussions and conferences, which resulted in the British North America Act and the establishment of Canada as a nation on 1 July 1867.
Macdonald was the first prime minister of the new nation, and served 19 years; only William Lyon Mackenzie King has served longer. In his first term, Macdonald established the North-West Mounted Police and expanded Canada by annexing the North-Western Territory, Rupert's Land, British Columbia, and Prince Edward Island. In 1873, he resigned from office over a scandal in which his party took bribes from businessmen seeking the contract to build the Canadian Pacific Railway. However, he was re-elected in 1878. Macdonald's greatest achievements were building and guiding a successful national government for the new Dominion, using patronage to forge a strong Conservative Party, promoting the protective tariff of the National Policy, and completing the railway. He fought to block provincial efforts to take power back from the national government in Ottawa. He approved the execution of Métis leader Louis Riel for treason in 1885 which alienated many francophones from his Conservative Party. He continued as prime minister until his death in 1891. He remains the oldest prime minister in Canadian history.
In the 21st century, Macdonald has come under criticism for his role in the Chinese Head Tax and federal policies towards Indigenous peoples, including his actions during the North-West Rebellion that resulted in Riel's execution, and the development of the residential school system designed to assimilate Indigenous children. Macdonald, however, remains respected for his key role in the formation of Canada. Historical rankings in surveys of experts in Canadian political history have consistently placed Macdonald as one of the highest-rated prime ministers in Canadian history. Provided by Wikipedia
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2481by Brodie, Juliet, Williamson, Christopher J., Smale, Dan A., Kamenos, Nicholas A., Mieszkowska, Nova, Santos, Rui, Cunliffe, Michael, Steinke, Michael, Yesson, Christopher, Anderson, Kathryn M., Asnaghi, Valentina, Brownlee, Colin, Burdett, Heidi L., Burrows, Michael T., Collins, Sinead, Donohue, Penelope J. C., Harvey, Ben, Foggo, Andrew, Noisette, Fanny, Nunes, Joana, Ragazzola, Federica, Raven, John A., Schmidt, Daniela N., Suggett, David, Teichberg, Mirta, Hall-Spencer, Jason M.Get access
Published in Ecology and Evolution (2014)
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2482by Ermgassen, Philine S. E. Zu, Strand, Asa, Bakker, Nienke, Blanco, Ainhoa, Bonacic, Kruno, Boudry, Pierre, Brundu, Gianni, Cameron, Tom C., Connellan, Iarfhlaith, da Costa, Fiz, Debney, Alison, Fabra, Monica, Frankic, Anamarija, Gamble, Celine, Gray, Mathew W., Helmer, Luke, Holbrook, Zoe, Hugh-Jones, Tristan, Kamermans, Pauline, Magnesen, Thorolf, Nielsen, Pernille, Preston, Joanne, Ranger, Christopher J., Saurel, Camille, Smyth, David, Stechele, Brecht, Theodorou, John A., Colsoul, BerengerGet access
Published in Aquatic Living Resources (2023)
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2483by Ermgassen Philine S.E. zu, Strand Åsa, Bakker Nienke, Blanco Ainhoa, Bonačić Kruno, Boudry Pierre, Brundu Gianni, Cameron Tom C., Connellan Iarfhlaith, da Costa Fiz, Debney Alison, Fabra Monica, Frankic Anamarija, Gamble Celine, Gray Mathew W., Helmer Luke, Holbrook Zoë, Hugh-Jones Tristan, Kamermans Pauline, Magnesen Thorolf, Nielsen Pernille, Preston Joanne, Ranger Christopher J., Saurel Camille, Smyth David, Stechele Brecht, Theodorou John A., Colsoul BérengerGet access
Published in Aquatic Living Resources (2023)
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2484by Ermgassen, Philine S.E. zu, Strand, Åsa, Bakker, Nienke, Blanco, Ainhoa, Bonačić, Kruno, Boudry, Pierre, Brundu, Gianni, Cameron, Tom C., Connellan, Iarfhlaith, Da Costa, Fiz, Debney, Alison, Fabra, Mónica, Frankic, Anamarija, Gamble, Celine, Gray, Mathew W., Helmer, Luke, Holbrook, Zoë, Hugh-Jones, Tristan, Kamermans, Pauline, Magnesen, Thorolf, Nielsen, Pernille, Preston, Joanne, Ranger, Christopher J., Saurel, Camille, Smyth, David, Stechele, Brecht, Theodorou, John A., Colsoul, BérengerGet access
Published in Aquatic Living Resources (2023)
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2485by Ermgassen, Philine SE zu, Strand, Åsa, Bakker, Nienke, Blanco, Ainhoa, Bonačić, Kruno, Boudry, Pierre, Brundu, Gianni, Cameron, Tom C, Connellan, Iarfhlaith, da Costa, Fiz, Debney, Alison, Fabra, Monica, Frankic, Anamarija, Gamble, Celine, Gray, Mathew W, Helmer, Luke, Holbrook, Zoë, Hugh-Jones, Tristan, Kamermans, Pauline, Magnesen, Thorolf, Nielsen, Pernille, Preston, Joanne, Ranger, Christopher J, Saurel, Camille, Smyth, David, Stechele, Brecht, Theodorou, John A, Colsoul, BérengerGet access
Published in Aquatic Living Resources (2023)
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2486by zu Ermgassen, Philine S.E., Strand, Åsa, Bakker, Nienke, Blanco, Ainhoa, Bonačić, Kruno, Boudry, Pierre, Brundu, Gianni, Cameron, Tom C., Connellan, Iarfhlaith, Da Costa, Fiz, Debney, Alison, Fabra, Monica, Frankic, Anamarija, Gamble, Celine, Gray, Mathew W., Helmer, Luke, Holbrook, Zoë, Hugh-Jones, Tristan, Kamermans, Pauline, Magnesen, Thorolf, Nielsen, Pernille, Preston, Joanne, Ranger, Christopher J., Saurel, Camille, Smyth, David, Stechele, Brecht, Theodorou, John A., Colsoul, BérengerGet access
Published in Aquatic Living Resources (2023)
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2487by zu Ermgassen, Philine S.E., Strand, Åsa, Bakker, Nienke, Blanco, Ainhoa, Bonačić, Kruno, Boudry, Pierre, Brundu, Gianni, Cameron, Tom C., Connellan , Iarfhlaith, da Costa, Fiz, Debney, Alison, Fabra, Monica, Frankic, Anamarija, Gamble, Celine, Gray, Mathew W., Helmer, Luke, Holbrook, Zoë, Hugh-Jones, Tristan, Kamermans, Pauline, Magnesen, Thorolf, Nielsen, Pernille, Preston, Joanne, Ranger, Christopher J., Saurel, Camille, Smyth, David M., Stechele, Brecht, Theodorou, John A., Colsoul, BérengerGet access
Published in Aquatic Living Resources (2023)
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2488by van de Wal, Roderik S.W., Nicholls, Robert J., Behar, David, McInnes, K., Stammer, Detlef, Lowe, Jason A., Church, John A., DeConto, Robert M., Fettweis, Xavier, Goelzer, Heiko, Haasnoot, M., Haigh, I., Hinkel, Jochen, Horton, Ben, James, T.S., Jenkins, Adrian, LeCozannet, G., Levermann, Anders, Lipscomb, William H., Marzeion, Ben, Pattyn, Frank, Payne, Anthony J., Pfeffer, Ted, Price, S., Seroussi, Hélène, Sun, Sainan, Veatch, W., White, K.Get access
Published in Earth's Future (2022)
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2489by Larsen, Birger, Barron, John A., Baldauf, Jack G., Alibert, Chantal, Berkowitz, Stephen, Caulet, Jean-Pierre, Chambers, Steven, Cooper, Alan K., Cranston, Ray, Dorn, Wolfgang, Ehrmann, Werner, Fox, Rick, Fryxell, Greta, Hambrey, Michael, Huber, Brian T., Jenkins, Christopher J., Kang, Sung-Ho, Keating, Barbara H., Mehl, Klaus, Noh, Il, Ollier, Gilles, Pittenger, Alan, Sakai, Hideo, Schroder, Claudia J., Solheim, Anders, Stockwell, Dean A., Thierstein, Hans R., Tocher, Bruce, Turner, Brian, Wei, WuchangGet access
Published 2020
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2490by Larsen, Birger, Barron, John A., Baldauf, Jack G., Alibert, Chantal, Berkowitz, Stephen, Caulet, Jean-Pierre, Chambers, Steven, Cooper, Alan K., Cranston, Ray, Dorn, Wolfgang, Ehrmann, Werner, Fox, Rick, Fryxell, Greta, Hambrey, Michael, Huber, Brian T., Jenkins, Christopher J., Kang, Sung-Ho, Keating, Barbara H., Mehl, Klaus, Noh, Il, Ollier, Gilles, Pittenger, Alan, Sakai, Hideo, Schroder, Claudia J., Solheim, Anders, Stockwell, Dean A., Thierstein, Hans R., Tocher, Bruce, Turner, Brian, Wei, WuchangGet access
Published 2020
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2491by Larsen, Birger, Barron, John A., Baldauf, Jack G., Alibert, Chantal, Berkowitz, Stephen, Caulet, Jean-Pierre, Chambers, Steven, Cooper, Alan K., Cranston, Ray, Dorn, Wolfgang, Ehrmann, Werner, Fox, Rick, Fryxell, Greta, Hambrey, Michael, Huber, Brian T., Jenkins, Christopher J., Kang, Sung-Ho, Keating, Barbara H., Mehl, Klaus, Noh, Il, Ollier, Gilles, Pittenger, Alan, Sakai, Hideo, Schroder, Claudia J., Solheim, Anders, Stockwell, Dean A., Thierstein, Hans R., Tocher, Bruce, Turner, Brian, Wei, WuchangGet access
Published 2020
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2492by Larsen, Birger, Barron, John A., Baldauf, Jack G., Alibert, Chantal, Berkowitz, Stephen, Caulet, Jean-Pierre, Chambers, Steven, Cooper, Alan K., Cranston, Ray, Dorn, Wolfgang, Ehrmann, Werner, Fox, Rick, Fryxell, Greta, Hambrey, Michael, Huber, Brian T., Jenkins, Christopher J., Kang, Sung-Ho, Keating, Barbara H., Mehl, Klaus, Noh, Il, Ollier, Gilles, Pittenger, Alan, Sakai, Hideo, Schroder, Claudia J., Solheim, Anders, Stockwell, Dean A., Thierstein, Hans R., Tocher, Bruce, Turner, Brian, Wei, WuchangGet access
Published 2020
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2493by Larsen, Birger, Barron, John A., Baldauf, Jack G., Alibert, Chantal, Berkowitz, Stephen, Caulet, Jean-Pierre, Chambers, Steven, Cooper, Alan K., Cranston, Ray, Dorn, Wolfgang, Ehrmann, Werner, Fox, Rick, Fryxell, Greta, Hambrey, Michael, Huber, Brian T., Jenkins, Christopher J., Kang, Sung-Ho, Keating, Barbara H., Mehl, Klaus, Noh, Il, Ollier, Gilles, Pittenger, Alan, Sakai, Hideo, Schroder, Claudia J., Solheim, Anders, Stockwell, Dean A., Thierstein, Hans R., Tocher, Bruce, Turner, Brian, Wei, WuchangGet access
Published 2020
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2494by Larsen, Birger, Barron, John A., Baldauf, Jack G., Alibert, Chantal, Berkowitz, Stephen, Caulet, Jean-Pierre, Chambers, Steven, Cooper, Alan K., Cranston, Ray, Dorn, Wolfgang, Ehrmann, Werner, Fox, Rick, Fryxell, Greta, Hambrey, Michael, Huber, Brian T., Jenkins, Christopher J., Kang, Sung-Ho, Keating, Barbara H., Mehl, Klaus, Noh, Il, Ollier, Gilles, Pittenger, Alan, Sakai, Hideo, Schroder, Claudia J., Solheim, Anders, Stockwell, Dean A., Thierstein, Hans R., Tocher, Bruce, Turner, Brian, Wei, WuchangGet access
Published 2020
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2495by Larsen, Birger, Barron, John A., Baldauf, Jack G., Alibert, Chantal, Berkowitz, Stephen, Caulet, Jean-Pierre, Chambers, Steven, Cooper, Alan K., Cranston, Ray, Dorn, Wolfgang, Ehrmann, Werner, Fox, Rick, Fryxell, Greta, Hambrey, Michael, Huber, Brian T., Jenkins, Christopher J., Kang, Sung-Ho, Keating, Barbara H., Mehl, Klaus, Noh, Il, Ollier, Gilles, Pittenger, Alan, Sakai, Hideo, Schroder, Claudia J., Solheim, Anders, Stockwell, Dean A., Thierstein, Hans R., Tocher, Bruce, Turner, Brian, Wei, WuchangGet access
Published 2020
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2496by Larsen, Birger, Barron, John A., Baldauf, Jack G., Alibert, Chantal, Berkowitz, Stephen, Caulet, Jean-Pierre, Chambers, Steven, Cooper, Alan K., Cranston, Ray, Dorn, Wolfgang, Ehrmann, Werner, Fox, Rick, Fryxell, Greta, Hambrey, Michael, Huber, Brian T., Jenkins, Christopher J., Kang, Sung-Ho, Keating, Barbara H., Mehl, Klaus, Noh, Il, Ollier, Gilles, Pittenger, Alan, Sakai, Hideo, Schroder, Claudia J., Solheim, Anders, Stockwell, Dean A., Thierstein, Hans R., Tocher, Bruce, Turner, Brian, Wei, WuchangGet access
Published 2020
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2497by Mikhalevsky, Peter N., Sagen, Hanne, Worcester, Peter F., Baggeroer, Arthur B., Orcutt, John A., Moore, Sue E., Lee, Craig M., Vigness-Raposa, Kathleen J., Freitag, Lee E., Arrott, Matthew, Atakan, Kuvvet, Beszczynska-Möller, Agnieszka, Duda, Timothy F., Dushaw, Brian D., Gascard, Jean-Claude, Gavrilov, Alexander N., Keers, Henk, Morozov, Andrey K., Munk, Walter H., Rixen, Michel, Sandven, Stein, Skarsoulis, Emmanuel, Stafford, Kathleen M., Vernon, Frank L., Yuen, Mo YanGet access
Published in ARCTIC (2015)
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2498by Andrew W. Trites, Arthur J. Miller, Herbert D. G. Maschner, Michael A. Alex, Steven J. Bograd, John A. Calder, Antonietta Capotondi, Kenneth O. Coyle, Emanuele Di Lorenzo, Bruce P. Finney, Edward J. Gregr, Chester E. Grosch, Steven R. Hare, George L. Hunt, Jaime Jahncke, Nancy B. Kachel, Hey-jin Kim, Carol Ladd, Nathan J. Mantua, Caren Marzban Wieslaw Maslowski, Stephen R. Okkonen, James E. Overl, Katherine L. Reedy-maschnerGet access
Published 2005
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2499by Larsen, Birger, Barron, John A., Baldauf, Jack G., Alibert, Chantal, Berkowitz, Stephen, Caulet, Jean-Pierre, Chambers, Steven, Cooper, Alan K., Cranston, Ray, Dorn, Wolfgang, Ehrmann, Werner, Fox, Rick, Fryxell, Greta, Hambrey, Michael, Huber, Brian T., Jenkins, Christopher J., Kang, Sung-Ho, Keating, Barbara H., Mehl, Klaus, Noh, Il, Ollier, Gilles, Pittenger, Alan, Sakai, Hideo, Schroder, Claudia J., Solheim, Anders, Stockwell, Dean A., Thierstein, Hans R., Tocher, Bruce, Turner, Brian, Wei, WuchangGet access
Published 2020
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2500by Balabanski, Anna H, Dos Santos, Angela, Woods, John A, Mutimer, Chloe A, Thrift, Amanda G, Kleinig, Timothy J, Suchy-Dicey, Astrid M, Ragnhild Siri, Susanna, Boden-Albala, Bernadette, Krishnamurthi, Rita V, Feigin, Valery L, Buchwald, Dedra, Ranta, Anna, Mienna, Christina S, Zavaleta, Carol, Churilov, Leonid, Burchill, Luke J, Zion, Deborah, Longstreth, W T, Tirschwell, David L, Anand, Sonia S, Parsons, Mark W, Brown, Alex, Warne, Donald K, Harwood, Matire, Barber, Alan, Katzenellenbogen, Judith MGet access
Published in Stroke (2023)
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