John A. Macdonald
![Macdonald, {{circa}} 1875](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/71/John_A_Macdonald_%28ca._1875%29.jpg)
Macdonald was born in Scotland; when he was a boy his family immigrated to Kingston in the Province of Upper Canada (today in eastern Ontario). As a lawyer, he was involved in several high-profile cases and quickly became prominent in Kingston, which elected him in 1844 to the legislature of the Province of Canada. By 1857, he had become premier under the colony's unstable political system. In 1864, when no party proved capable of governing for long, Macdonald agreed to a proposal from his political rival, George Brown, that the parties unite in a Great Coalition to seek federation and political reform. Macdonald was the leading figure in the subsequent discussions and conferences, which resulted in the British North America Act and the establishment of Canada as a nation on 1 July 1867.
Macdonald was the first prime minister of the new nation, and served 19 years; only William Lyon Mackenzie King has served longer. In his first term, Macdonald established the North-West Mounted Police and expanded Canada by annexing the North-Western Territory, Rupert's Land, British Columbia, and Prince Edward Island. In 1873, he resigned from office over a scandal in which his party took bribes from businessmen seeking the contract to build the Canadian Pacific Railway. However, he was re-elected in 1878. Macdonald's greatest achievements were building and guiding a successful national government for the new Dominion, using patronage to forge a strong Conservative Party, promoting the protective tariff of the National Policy, and completing the railway. He fought to block provincial efforts to take power back from the national government in Ottawa. He approved the execution of Métis leader Louis Riel for treason in 1885 which alienated many francophones from his Conservative Party. He continued as prime minister until his death in 1891. He remains the oldest prime minister in Canadian history.
In the 21st century, Macdonald has come under criticism for his role in the Chinese Head Tax and federal policies towards Indigenous peoples, including his actions during the North-West Rebellion that resulted in Riel's execution, and the development of the residential school system designed to assimilate Indigenous children. Macdonald, however, remains respected for his key role in the formation of Canada. Historical rankings in surveys of experts in Canadian political history have consistently placed Macdonald as one of the highest-rated prime ministers in Canadian history. Provided by Wikipedia
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2341by Katrine Husum, John A. Howe, Agnes Baltzer, Matthias Forwick, Maria Jensen, Patrycja Jernas, Sergei Korsun, Arto Miettinen, Rahul Mohan, Caterina Morigi, Per Inge Myhre, Maarten A. Prins, Kari Skirbekk, Beata Sternal, Michel Boos, Noortje Dijkstra, Simon TroelstraGet access
Published in Polar Research (2019)
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2342by Cain, Michelle, Warwick, Nicola, Fisher, Rebecca E, Lowry, David, Lanoiselle, Mathias, Nisbet, Euan, France, James, Pitt, Joseph, O'Shea, Sebastian, Bower, Keith, Allen, Grant, Illingworth, Samuel, Manning, Alastair, Bauguitte, Stephane J-B, Pisso, Ignacio, Pyle, John A.Get access
Published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres (2017)
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2343by Hu, Xinping, Nuttall, Marissa, Wang, Hongjie, Yao, Hongming, Staryk, Cory J., McCutcheon, Melissa, Eckert, Ryan, Embesi, John A., Johnston, Michelle A., Hickerson, Emma L., Schmahl, George P., Manzello, Derek, Enochs, Ian, DiMarco, Steven, Barbero, LeticiaGet access
Published in Marine Chemistry (2018)
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2344by Hodge, Lynne E. W., Baumann‐Pickering, Simone, Hildebrand, John A., Bell, Joel T., Cummings, Erin W., Foley, Heather J., McAlarney, Ryan J., McLellan, William A., Pabst, D. Ann, Swaim, Zachary T., Waples, Danielle M., Read, Andrew J.Get access
Published in Marine Mammal Science (2018)
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2345by Husum, Katrine, Howe, John A., Baltzer, Agnes, Forwick, Matthias, Jensen, Maria, Jernas, Patrycja, Korsun, Sergei, Miettinen, Arto, Mohan, Rahul, Morigi, Caterina, Myhre, Per Inge, Prins, Maarten A., Skirbekk, Kari, Sternal, Beata, Boos, Michel, Dijkstra, Noortje, Troelstra, SimonContributors: “...Howe, John A....”
Published in Polar Research (2019)
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2346by Cassidy, Kira A, Borg, Bridget L, Klauder, Kaija J, Sorum, Mathew S, Thomas‐Kuzilik, Rebecca, Dewey, Sarah R, Stephenson, John A, Stahler, Daniel R, Gable, Thomas D, Bump, Joseph K, Homkes, Austin T, Windels, Steve K, Smith, Douglas WGet access
Published in Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment (2023)
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2347by Alejandro Velasco-Castrillón, Sandra J. McInnes, Mark B. Schultz, María Arróniz-Crespo, Cyrille A. D’Haese, John A. E. Gibson, Byron J. Adams, Timothy J. Page, Andrew D. Austin, Steven J. B. Cooper, Mark I. StevensContributors: “...John A. E. Gibson...”
Published in Invertebrate Systematics (2015)
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2349by Husum, Katrine, Howe, John A., Baltzer, Agnes, Forwick, Matthias, Jensen, Maria, Jernas, Patrycja, Korsun, Sergei, Miettinen, Arto, Mohan, Rahul, Morigi, Caterina, Myhre, Per Inge, Prins, Maarten A., Skirbekk, Kari, Sternal, Beata, Boos, Michel, Dijkstra, Noortje, Troelstra, SimonGet access
Published in Polar Research (2019)
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2350by Obel, Carsten, Heiervang, Einar, Rodriguez, Alina, Heyerdahl, Sonja, Smedje, Hans, Sourander, Andre, Gudmundsson, Olafur O., Clench-Aas, Jocelyne, Christensen, Else, Heian, Frode, Mathiesen, Kristin S., Magnusson, Pall, Njardvik, Urdur, Koskelainen, Merja, Ronning, John A., Stormark, Kjell Morten, Olsen, JornGet access
Published in European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry (2004)
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2351by Obel, Carsten, Heiervang, Einar, Rodriguez, Alina, Heyerdahl, Sonja, Smedje, Hans, Sourander, André, Guethmundsson, Olafur O., Clench-Aas, Jocelyne, Christensen, Else, Heian, Frode, Mathiesen, Kristin S, Magnússon, Páll, Njarethvík, Urethur, Koskelainen, Merja, Rønning, John A., Stormark, K.M., Olsen, JørnGet access
Published in European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry (2004)
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2352by Obel, Carsten, Heiervang, Einar, Rodriguez, Alina, Heyerdahl, Sonja, Smedje, Hans, Sourander, André, Gudmundsson, Olafur O, Clench-Aas, Jocelyne, Christensen, Else, Heian, Frode, Mathiesen, Kristin S, Magnusson, Pall, Njardvik, Urdur, Koskelainen, Merja, Rønning, John A, Stormark, Kjell Morten, Olsen, JørnGet access
Published in European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry (2008)
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2353by Savita, Abhishek, Domingues, Catia M., Boyer, Tim, Gouretski, Viktor, Ishii, Masayoshi, Johnson, Gregory C., Lyman, John M., Willis, Josh K., Marsland, Simon J., Hobbs, William, Church, John A., Monselesan, Didier P., Dobrohotoff, Peter, Cowley, Rebecca, Wijffels, Susan E.Get access
Published in Journal of Climate (2021)
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2354by Savita, Abhishek, Domingues, Catia M., Boyer, Tim, Gouretski, Viktor, Ishii, Masayoshi, Johnson, Gregory C., Lyman, John M., Willis, Josh K., Marsland, Simon J., Hobbs, William, Church, John A., Monselesan, Didier P., Dobrohotoff, Peter, Cowley, Rebecca, Wijffels, Susan E.Get access
Published 2020
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2355by DeMaere, Matthew Z., Williams, Timothy J., Allen, Michelle A., Brown, Mark V., Gibson, John A. E., Rich, John, Lauro, Federico M., Dyall-Smith, Michael, Davenport, Karen W., Woyke, Tanja, Kyrpides, Nikos C., Tringe, Susannah G., Cavicchioli, RicardoGet access
Published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (2013)
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2356by Jones, Joshua M., Thayre, Bruce J., Roth, Ethan H., Mahoney, Michael, Sia, Ian, Merculief, Kayla, Jackson, Christine, Zeller, Clarissa, Clare, Mamie, Bacon, Austin, Weaver, Samantha, Gentes, Zoe, Small, Robert J., Stirling, Ian, Wiggins, Sean M., Hildebrand, John A.Get access
Published in ARCTIC (2014)
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2357by Husum, Katrine, Howe, John A, Baltzer, Agnes, Forwick, Matthias, Jensen, Maria, Jernas, Patrycja, Korsun, Sergei, Miettinen, Arto, Mohan, Rahul, Morigi, Caterina, Myhre, Per Inge, Prins, Maarten A., Skirbekk, Kari, Sternal, Beata, Boos, Michel, Dijkstra, Noortje, Troelstra, Simon R.Get access
Published in Polar Research (2019)
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2358by Jones, Joshua M, Thayre, Bruce J, Roth, Ethan H, Mahoney, Michael, Sia, Ian, Merculief, Kayla, Jackson, Christine, Zeller, Clarissa, Clare, Mamie, Bacon, Austin, Weaver, Samantha, Gentes, Zoe, Small, Robert J, Stirling, Ian, Wiggins, Sean M, Hildebrand, John AGet access
Published 2014
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2359by Savita, Abhishek, Domingues, Catia M., Boyer, Tim, Gouretski, Viktor, Ishii, Masayoshi, Johnson, Gregory C., Lyman, John M., Willis, Josh K., Marsland, Simon J., Hobbs, William, Church, John A., Monselesan, Didier P., Dobrohotoff, Peter, Cowley, Rebecca, Wijffels, Susan E.Get access
Published 2020
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2360by Savita, Abhishek, Domingues, Catia M., Boyer, Tim, Gouretski, Viktor, Ishii, Masayoshi, Johnson, Gregory C., Lyman, John M., Willis, Josh K., Marsland, Simon J., Hobbs, William, Church, John A., Monselesan, Didier P., Dobrohotoff, Peter, Cowley, Rebecca, Wijffels, Susan E.Get access
Published in Journal of Climate (2022)
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