John A. Macdonald
![Macdonald, {{circa}} 1875](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/71/John_A_Macdonald_%28ca._1875%29.jpg)
Macdonald was born in Scotland; when he was a boy his family immigrated to Kingston in the Province of Upper Canada (today in eastern Ontario). As a lawyer, he was involved in several high-profile cases and quickly became prominent in Kingston, which elected him in 1844 to the legislature of the Province of Canada. By 1857, he had become premier under the colony's unstable political system. In 1864, when no party proved capable of governing for long, Macdonald agreed to a proposal from his political rival, George Brown, that the parties unite in a Great Coalition to seek federation and political reform. Macdonald was the leading figure in the subsequent discussions and conferences, which resulted in the British North America Act and the establishment of Canada as a nation on 1 July 1867.
Macdonald was the first prime minister of the new nation, and served 19 years; only William Lyon Mackenzie King has served longer. In his first term, Macdonald established the North-West Mounted Police and expanded Canada by annexing the North-Western Territory, Rupert's Land, British Columbia, and Prince Edward Island. In 1873, he resigned from office over a scandal in which his party took bribes from businessmen seeking the contract to build the Canadian Pacific Railway. However, he was re-elected in 1878. Macdonald's greatest achievements were building and guiding a successful national government for the new Dominion, using patronage to forge a strong Conservative Party, promoting the protective tariff of the National Policy, and completing the railway. He fought to block provincial efforts to take power back from the national government in Ottawa. He approved the execution of Métis leader Louis Riel for treason in 1885 which alienated many francophones from his Conservative Party. He continued as prime minister until his death in 1891. He remains the oldest prime minister in Canadian history.
In the 21st century, Macdonald has come under criticism for his role in the Chinese Head Tax and federal policies towards Indigenous peoples, including his actions during the North-West Rebellion that resulted in Riel's execution, and the development of the residential school system designed to assimilate Indigenous children. Macdonald, however, remains respected for his key role in the formation of Canada. Historical rankings in surveys of experts in Canadian political history have consistently placed Macdonald as one of the highest-rated prime ministers in Canadian history. Provided by Wikipedia
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2301by Jensen, Maria, Baltzer, Agnès, Choi, M, Forwick, Matthias, Howe, John A., Husum, Katrine, Korsun, D., Maat, A., Miettinen, R., Mohan, R., Morigi, C., Moskalik, M., Nam, S.I., Prins, M., Szczucinski, WitoldGet access
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2302by Church, John A., Aarup, Thorkild, Woodworth, P.L., Wilson, W.Stanley, Nicholls, Robert J., Rayner, Ralph, Mitchum, Gary T., Steffen, Konrad, Cazenave, A., Blewitt, Geoff, Mitrovica, Jerry X., Lowe, Jason A., Lambeck, KurtGet access
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2303by Hjulsager, Charlotte Kristiane, Breum, Solvej Østergaard, Trebbien, Ramona, Handberg, Kurt Jensen, Therkildsen, Ole Roland, Madsen, Jesper Johannes, Thorup, Kasper, Baroch, John A., DeLiberto, Thomas J., Larsen, Lars Erik, Jørgensen, Poul HenrikGet access
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2304by Hjulsager, Charlotte Kristiane, Breum, Solvej Østergaard, Trebbien, Ramona, Handberg, Kurt J., Therkildsen, Ole R., Madsen, Jesper J., Thorup, Kasper, Baroch, John A., DeLiberto, Thomas J., Larsen, Lars Erik, Jørgensen, Poul HenrikGet access
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2305by Stanistreet, Joy E., Nowacek, Douglas P., Baumann-Pickering, Simone, Bell, Joel T., Cholewiak, Danielle M., Hildebrand, John A., Hodge, Lynne E.W., Moors-Murphy, Hilary B., Van Parijs, Sofie M., Read, Andrew J.Get access
Published in Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences (2017)
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2306by Church, John A, Clark, Peter U, Cazenave, A, Gregory, Jonathan M, Jevrejeva, S, Levermann, A, Merrifield, M A, Milne, G A, Nerem, R S, Nunn, Patrick, Payne, A J, Pfeffer, W T, Stammer, D, Unnikrishnan, A SGet access
Published 2013
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2307by Richter, Kristin, Meyssignac, Benoit, Slangen, Aimée B. A., Melet, Angélique, Church, John A., Fettweis, Xavier, Marzeion, Ben, Agosta, Cécile, Ligtenberg, Stefan R. M., Spada, Giorgio, Palmer, Matthew D., Roberts, Christopher D., Champollion, NicolasGet access
Published in Environmental Research Letters (2020)
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2308by Kristin Richter, Benoit Meyssignac, Aimée B A Slangen, Angélique Melet, John A Church, Xavier Fettweis, Ben Marzeion, Cécile Agosta, Stefan R M Ligtenberg, Giorgio Spada, Matthew D Palmer, Christopher D Roberts, Nicolas ChampollionGet access
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2309by de Oliveira Filho, Jaires Gomes, Sarria, André Lucio Franceschini, Ferreira, Lorena Lopes, Caulfield, John C., Powers, Stephen J., Pickett, John A., de León, Adalberto A. Pérez, Birkett, Michael A., Borges, Lígia Miranda FerreiraGet access
Published in Journal of Chromatography B (2016)
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2310by Richter, Kristin, Meyssignac, Benoit, Slangen, Aimée B. A., Melet, Angélique, Church, John A., Fettweis, Xavier, Marzeion, Ben, Agosta, Cécile, Ligtenberg, Stefan R. M., Spada, Giorgio, Palmer, Matthew D., Roberts, Christopher D., Champollion, NicolasGet access
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2311by Slangen, Aimée B. A., Meyssignac, Benoit, Agosta, Cecile, Champollion, Nicolas, Church, John A., Fettweis, Xavier, Ligtenberg, Stefan R. M., Marzeion, Ben, Melet, Angelique, Palmer, Matthew D., Richter, Kristin, Roberts, Christopher D., SPADA, GIORGIOContributors: “...Church, John A....”
Published in Journal of Climate (2017)
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2312by Slangen, Aimée B. A., Meyssignac, Benoit, Agosta, Cecile, Champollion, Nicolas, Church, John A., Fettweis, Xavier, Ligtenberg, Stefan R. M., Marzeion, Ben, Melet, Angelique, Palmer, Matthew D., Richter, Kristin, Roberts, Christopher D., SPADA, GIORGIOContributors: “...Church, John A....”
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2313by Richter, Kristin, Meyssignac, Benoit, Slangen, Aimée B A, Melet, Angélique, Church, John A, Fettweis, Xavier, Marzeion, Ben, Agosta, Cécile, Ligtenberg, Stefan R M, Spada, Giorgio, Palmer, Matthew D, Roberts, Christopher D, Champollion, NicolasContributors: “...Church, John A...”
Published in Environmental Research Letters (2020)
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2314by Richter, Kristin, Meyssignac, Benoit, Slangen, Aimée B. A., Melet, Angélique, Church, John A., Fettweis, Xavier, Marzeion, Ben, Agosta, Cécile, Ligtenberg, Stefan R. M., Spada, Giorgio, Palmer, Matthew D., Roberts, Christopher D., Champollion, NicolasGet access
Published in Environmental Research Letters (2020)
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2315by Richter, Kristin, Meyssignac, Benoit, Slangen, Aimée B. A., Melet, Angélique, Church, John A., Fettweis, Xavier, Marzeion, Ben, Agosta, Cécile, Ligtenberg, Stefan R. M., Spada, Giorgio, Palmer, Matthew D., Roberts, Christopher D., Champollion, NicolasGet access
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2316by de Oliveira Filho, Jaires Gomes, Sarria, André Lucio Franceschini, Ferreira, Lorena Lopes, Caulfield, John C., Powers, Stephen J., Pickett, John A., de León, Adalberto A. Pérez, Birkett, Michael A., Borges, Lígia Miranda FerreiraGet access
Published in Journal of Chromatography B (2016)
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2317by Richter, Kristin, Meyssignac, Benoit, Slangen, Aimée B. A., Melet, Angélique, Church, John A., Fettweis, Xavier, Marzeion, Ben, Agosta, Cécile, Ligtenberg, Stefan R. M., Spada, Giorgio, Palmer, Matthew D., Roberts, Christopher D., Champollion, NicolasGet access
Published in Environmental Research Letters (2020)
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2318by Richter, Kristin, Meyssignac, Benoit, Slangen, Aimée B. A., Melet, Angélique, Church, John A., Fettweis, Xavier, Marzeion, Ben, Agosta, Cécile, Ligtenberg, Stefan R. M., Spada, Giorgio, Palmer, Matthew D., Roberts, Christopher D., Champollion, NicolasGet access
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2319by Richter, Kristin, Meyssignac, Benoit, Slangen, Aimée B A, Melet, Angélique, Church, John A, Fettweis, Xavier, Marzeion, Ben, Agosta, Cécile, Ligtenberg, Stefan R M, Spada, Giorgio, Palmer, Matthew D, Roberts, Christopher D, Champollion, NicolasGet access
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