Japan
Japan, or , formally , '' or ''. In Japanese, the name of the country as it appears on official documents, including the country's constitution, is , meaning "State of Japan". The short name is also often used officially. In English, the official name of the country is simply "Japan".|group=nb}} is an island country in East Asia. It is located in the Pacific Ocean off the northeast coast of the Asian mainland, and is bordered on the west by the Sea of Japan and extends from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea in the south. The Japanese archipelago consists of four major islands—Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, and Kyushu—and thousands of smaller islands, covering . Japan has a population of roughly 124 million as of 2024, and is the eleventh-most populous country. Its capital and largest city is Tokyo; the Greater Tokyo Area is the largest metropolitan area in the world, with more than 38 million inhabitants as of 2016. Japan is divided into 47 administrative prefectures and eight traditional regions. About three-quarters of the country's terrain is mountainous and heavily forested, concentrating its agriculture and highly urbanized population along its eastern coastal plains. The country sits on the Pacific Ring of Fire, making its islands prone to destructive earthquakes and tsunamis.The first known habitation of the archipelago dates to the Upper Paleolithic, with the beginning Japanese Paleolithic dating to . Between the fourth and sixth centuries, its kingdoms were united under an emperor in Nara, and later Heian-kyō. From the 12th century, actual power was held by military dictators () and feudal lords (), and enforced by warrior nobility (''samurai''). After rule by the Kamakura and Ashikaga shogunates and a century of warring states, Japan was unified in 1600 by the Tokugawa shogunate, which implemented an isolationist foreign policy. In 1853, a United States fleet forced Japan to open trade to the West, which led to the end of the shogunate and the restoration of imperial power in 1868. In the Meiji period, the Empire of Japan pursued rapid industrialization and modernization, as well as militarism and overseas colonization. In 1937, Japan invaded China, and in 1941 attacked the United States and European colonial powers, entering World War II as an Axis power. After suffering defeat in the Pacific War and two atomic bombings, Japan surrendered in 1945 and came under Allied occupation. After the war, the country underwent rapid economic growth, although its economy has stagnated since 1990.
Japan is a constitutional monarchy with a bicameral legislature, the National Diet. A great power and the only Asian member of the G7, Japan has constitutionally renounced its right to declare war, but maintains one of the world's strongest militaries. A highly developed country with one of the world's largest economies, Japan is a global leader in science and technology and the automotive, robotics, and electronics industries. It has one of the world's highest life expectancies, though it is undergoing a population decline. Japan's culture is well known around the world, including its art, cuisine, film, music, and popular culture, which includes prominent comics, animation, and video game industries. Provided by Wikipedia
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661by Tokuhiro, Koki, Abe, Yoshiyuki, Onodera, Jonaotaro, Sampei, Makoto, Fujiwara, Amane, Harada, Naomi, Matsuno, Kohei, Nöthig, Eva-Maria, Yamaguchi, AtsushiContributors: “...Japan Society for the Promotion of Science...”
Published in Polar Science (2020)
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662by Miyoshi, Y., Hosokawa, K., Kurita, S., Oyama, S.-I., Ogawa, Y., Saito, S., Shinohara, I., Kero, A., Turunen, E., Verronen, P. T., Kasahara, S., Yokota, S., Mitani, T., Takashima, T., Higashio, N., Kasahara, Y., Matsuda, S., Tsuchiya, F., Kumamoto, A., Matsuoka, A., Hori, T., Keika, K., Shoji, M., Teramoto, M., Imajo, S., Jun, C., Nakamura, S.Contributors: “...Japan Society for the Promotion of Science...”
Published in Scientific Reports (2021)
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663by Amano, Karen, Abe, Yoshiyuki, Matsuno, Kohei, Yamaguchi, AtsushiContributors: “...Japan Society for the Promotion of Science...”
Published in Polar Science (2019)
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664by Suwa, Ryota, Hatta, Masayuki, Ichikawa, KazuhikoContributors: “...Japan Society for the Promotion of Science...”
Published in Chemistry – A European Journal (2014)
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665by Fukase, Hitoshi, Ito, Tsuyoshi, Ishida, HajimeContributors: “...Japan Society for the Promotion of Science...”
Published in American Journal of Human Biology (2015)
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666by Nagata, Yudai, Osono, Takashi, Hasegawa, Motohiro, Hobara, Satoru, Hirose, Dai, Tanabe, Yukiko, Kudoh, Sakae, Uchida, MasakiContributors: “...Japan Society for the Promotion of Science...”
Published in Polar Science (2023)
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667by Kamiya, Hisao, Kimura, Michio, Hoshino, Satoshi, Kobayashi, Masahito, Sonoo, MasahiroContributors: “...Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare of Japan...”
Published in Muscle & Nerve (2016)
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668Contributors: “...Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Postdoctoral Fellowship for Foreign Researchers...”
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669Ground warming and permafrost degradation in various terrestrial ecosystems in northcentral Mongoliaby Wang, Qinxue, Okadera, Tomohiro, Watanabe, Masataka, Wu, Tonghua, Ochirbat, BatkhishigContributors: “...Ministry of the Environment, Government of Japan...”
Published in Permafrost and Periglacial Processes (2022)
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670Contributors: “...Japan Society for the Promotion of Science...”
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671by Fujii, Yushiro, Satake, Kenji, Watada, Shingo, Ho, Tung-ChengContributors: “...Japan Society for the Promotion of Science...”
Published in Geophysical Journal International (2020)
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672by Naito‐Liederbach, Annegret M., Sato, Yu, Nakajima, Nobuyoshi, Maeda, Taku, Inoue, Takehiko, Yamazaki, Toru, Ogden, Rob, Inoue‐Murayama, MihoContributors: “...Japan Society for the Promotion of Science...”
Published in Ecological Research (2021)
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673by Pattyn, FrankContributors: “...Institute of Low Temperature Sciences (30 October 1995: Sapporo, Japan)...”
Published 1995
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674Contributors: “...Japan Society for the Promotion of Science...”
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675Contributors: “...Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology...”
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676by Buvit, Ian, Izuho, Masami, Terry, Karisa, Konstantinov, Mikhail V., Konstantinov, Aleksander V.Contributors: “...Japan Society for the Promotion of Science...”
Published in Quaternary International (2016)
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677by Kitao, Mitsutoshi, Kitaoka, Satoshi, Harayama, Hisanori, Agathokleous, Evgenios, Han, Qingmin, Uemura, Akira, Furuya, Naoyuki, Ishibashi, SatoshiContributors: “...Japan Society for the Promotion of Science...”
Published in European Journal of Forest Research (2019)
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678by Noguchi, Kyotaro, Dannoura, Masako, Jomura, Mayuko, Awazuhara-Noguchi, Motoko, Matsuura, YojiroContributors: “...Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency...”
Published in Polar Science (2012)
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679by Hayashi, Kentaro, Cooper, Elisabeth J., Loonen, Maarten J.J.E., Kishimoto-Mo, Ayaka W., Motohka, Takeshi, Uchida, Masaki, Nakatsubo, TakayukiContributors: “...National Institute of Polar Research, Japan...”
Published in Polar Science (2014)
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680by McCreary, Julian P., Furue, Ryo, Schloesser, Fabian, Burkhardt, Theodore W., Nonaka, MasamiContributors: “...Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology...”
Published in Progress in Oceanography (2016)
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