Japan
Japan, or , formally , '' or ''. In Japanese, the name of the country as it appears on official documents, including the country's constitution, is , meaning "State of Japan". The short name is also often used officially. In English, the official name of the country is simply "Japan".|group=nb}} is an island country in East Asia. It is located in the Pacific Ocean off the northeast coast of the Asian mainland, and is bordered on the west by the Sea of Japan and extends from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea in the south. The Japanese archipelago consists of four major islands—Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, and Kyushu—and thousands of smaller islands, covering . Japan has a population of roughly 124 million as of 2024, and is the eleventh-most populous country. Its capital and largest city is Tokyo; the Greater Tokyo Area is the largest metropolitan area in the world, with more than 38 million inhabitants as of 2016. Japan is divided into 47 administrative prefectures and eight traditional regions. About three-quarters of the country's terrain is mountainous and heavily forested, concentrating its agriculture and highly urbanized population along its eastern coastal plains. The country sits on the Pacific Ring of Fire, making its islands prone to destructive earthquakes and tsunamis.The first known habitation of the archipelago dates to the Upper Paleolithic, with the beginning Japanese Paleolithic dating to . Between the fourth and sixth centuries, its kingdoms were united under an emperor in Nara, and later Heian-kyō. From the 12th century, actual power was held by military dictators () and feudal lords (), and enforced by warrior nobility (''samurai''). After rule by the Kamakura and Ashikaga shogunates and a century of warring states, Japan was unified in 1600 by the Tokugawa shogunate, which implemented an isolationist foreign policy. In 1853, a United States fleet forced Japan to open trade to the West, which led to the end of the shogunate and the restoration of imperial power in 1868. In the Meiji period, the Empire of Japan pursued rapid industrialization and modernization, as well as militarism and overseas colonization. In 1937, Japan invaded China, and in 1941 attacked the United States and European colonial powers, entering World War II as an Axis power. After suffering defeat in the Pacific War and two atomic bombings, Japan surrendered in 1945 and came under Allied occupation. After the war, the country underwent rapid economic growth, although its economy has stagnated since 1990.
Japan is a constitutional monarchy with a bicameral legislature, the National Diet. A great power and the only Asian member of the G7, Japan has constitutionally renounced its right to declare war, but maintains one of the world's strongest militaries. A highly developed country with one of the world's largest economies, Japan is a global leader in science and technology and the automotive, robotics, and electronics industries. It has one of the world's highest life expectancies, though it is undergoing a population decline. Japan's culture is well known around the world, including its art, cuisine, film, music, and popular culture, which includes prominent comics, animation, and video game industries. Provided by Wikipedia
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641by Otsuki, Mayuko, Akamatsu, Tomonari, Nobetsu, Takahiro, Mizuguchi, Daisuke, Mitani, YokoContributors: “...Japan Society for the Promotion of Science...”
Published in Polar Biology (2017)
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642Contributors: “...Japan Society for the Promotion of Science...”
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643by Kurachi, Nahoko, Miyaura, Tomiyasu, Toriyama, Jumpei, Matsuura, Yojiro, Osawa, AkiraContributors: “...Japan Society for Promotion of Science...”
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research (2018)
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644On the significance of Antarctic jellyfish as food for Adélie penguins, as revealed by video loggersby Thiebot, Jean-Baptiste, Ito, Kentaro, Raclot, Thierry, Poupart, Timothée, Kato, Akiko, Ropert-Coudert, Yan, Takahashi, AkinoriContributors: “...Japan Society for the Promotion of Science...”
Published in Marine Biology (2016)
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645by Singh, Shiv M., Tsuji, Masaharu, Gawas-Sakhalker, Puja, Loonen, Maarten J. J. E., Hoshino, TamotsuContributors: “...JSPS and AIST-Japan...”
Published in Polar Biology (2015)
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646by Matsumura, Shinji, Yamazaki, Koji, Suzuki, KazuyoshiContributors: “...Joint Research Program of the Japan Arctic Research Network Center...”
Published in Communications Earth & Environment (2021)
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647by Yamaguchi, Atsushi, Kimura, Fumihiko, Fukai, Yuri, Abe, Yoshiyuki, Matsuno, Kohei, Ooki, Atsushi, Hirawake, ToruContributors: “...Japan Society for the Promotion of Science...”
Published in Polar Science (2021)
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648by Tsutsui, Hideto, Takahashi, Kozo, Asahi, Hirofumi, Jordan, Richard W., Nishida, Shiro, Nishiwaki, Niichi, Yamamoto, SumitoContributors: “...Japan Society for the Promotion of Science...”
Published in Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography (2016)
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649by Jakobsson, Martin, Mayer, Larry A., Nilsson, Johan, Stranne, Christian, Calder, Brian, O’Regan, Matthew, Farrell, John W., Cronin, Thomas M., Brüchert, Volker, Chawarski, Julek, Eriksson, Björn, Fredriksson, Jonas, Gemery, Laura, Glueder, Anna, Holmes, Felicity A., Jerram, Kevin, Kirchner, Nina, Mix, Alan, Muchowski, Julia, Prakash, Abhay, Reilly, Brendan, Thornton, Brett, Ulfsbo, Adam, Weidner, Elizabeth, Åkesson, Henning, Handl, Tamara, Ståhl, Emelie, Boze, Lee-Gray, Reed, Sam, West, Gabriel, Padman, JuneContributors: “...The Nippon Foundation of Japan did provide some funding....”
Published in Communications Earth & Environment (2020)
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650by Mernild, Sebastian H., Beckerman, Andrew P., Knudsen, Niels Tvis, Hasholt, Bent, Yde, Jacob C.Contributors: “...Japan Society for the Promotion of Science...”
Published in Geografisk Tidsskrift-Danish Journal of Geography (2017)
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651by Takamura, Yusuke, Tsunogae, Toshiaki, Santosh, M., Tsutsumi, YukiyasuContributors: “...Japan Society for the Promotion of Science...”
Published in Geoscience Frontiers (2018)
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652by Hoshino, Tamotsu, Nakagawa, Takuya, Yajima, Yuka, Uchida, Masaki, Tojo, MotoakiContributors: “...Japan Society for the Promotion of Science...”
Published in Polar Science (2021)
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653by Fukumori, Hiroaki, Takano, Tsuyoshi, Hasegawa, Kazunori, Kano, YasunoriContributors: “...Japan Society for the Promotion of Science...”
Published in Progress in Oceanography (2019)
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654by Matsubayashi, Makoto, Kinoshita, Moemi, Kobayashi, Atsushi, Tsuchida, Sayaka, Shibahara, Tomoyuki, Hasegawa, Masami, Nakamura, Hiroshi, Sasai, Kazumi, Ushida, KazunariContributors: “...Japan Society for the Promotion of Science...”
Published in International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife (2020)
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655by Dunkley, Daniel J., Hokada, Tomokazu, Shiraishi, Kazuyuki, Hiroi, Yoshikuni, Nogi, Yoshifumi, Motoyoshi, YoichiContributors: “...Japan Society for the Promotion of Science...”
Published in Polar Science (2020)
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656by Tachibana, Aiko, Watanabe, Yuko, Moteki, Masato, Hosie, Graham W., Ishimaru, TakashiContributors: “...Japan Society for the Promotion of Science...”
Published in Polar Science (2017)
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657by Endo, Tetsuya, Hotta, Yohei, Hisamichi, Yohsuke, Kimura, Osamu, Sato, Rie, Haraguchi, Koichi, Funahashi, Naoko, Baker, C. ScottContributors: “...Japan Society for the Promotion of Science...”
Published in Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety (2012)
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658by Kavousi, Javid, Tanaka, Yasuaki, Nishida, Kozue, Suzuki, Atsushi, Nojiri, Yukihiro, Nakamura, TakashiContributors: “...Ministry of the Environment of Japan...”
Published in Marine Environmental Research (2016)
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659by Shin, Nagai, Kotani, Ayumi, Sato, Tomonori, Sugimoto, Atsuko, Maximov, Trofim C., Nogovitcyn, Aleksandr, Miyamoto, Yumiko, Kobayashi, Hideki, Tei, ShunsukeContributors: “...Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency...”
Published in Polar Science (2020)
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660by Kiryukhin, A.V., Polyakov, A.Y., Zhuravlev, N.B., Tsuchiya, N., Rychkova, T.V., Usacheva, O.O., Dubrovskaya, I.K.Contributors: “...Japan Society for the Promotion of Science...”
Published in Applied Geochemistry (2022)
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