Japan
![[[Legend](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6b/Emperor_Jimmu.jpg)
The first known habitation of the archipelago dates to the Upper Paleolithic, with the beginning Japanese Paleolithic dating to . Between the fourth and sixth centuries, its kingdoms were united under an emperor in Nara, and later Heian-kyō. From the 12th century, actual power was held by military dictators () and feudal lords (), and enforced by warrior nobility (''samurai''). After rule by the Kamakura and Ashikaga shogunates and a century of warring states, Japan was unified in 1600 by the Tokugawa shogunate, which implemented an isolationist foreign policy. In 1853, a United States fleet forced Japan to open trade to the West, which led to the end of the shogunate and the restoration of imperial power in 1868. In the Meiji period, the Empire of Japan pursued rapid industrialization and modernization, as well as militarism and overseas colonization. In 1937, Japan invaded China, and in 1941 attacked the United States and European colonial powers, entering World War II as an Axis power. After suffering defeat in the Pacific War and two atomic bombings, Japan surrendered in 1945 and came under Allied occupation. After the war, the country underwent rapid economic growth, although its economy has stagnated since 1990.
Japan is a constitutional monarchy with a bicameral legislature, the National Diet. A great power and the only Asian member of the G7, Japan has constitutionally renounced its right to declare war, but maintains one of the world's strongest militaries. A highly developed country with one of the world's largest economies, Japan is a global leader in science and technology and the automotive, robotics, and electronics industries. It has one of the world's highest life expectancies, though it is undergoing a population decline. Japan's culture is well known around the world, including its art, cuisine, film, music, and popular culture, which includes prominent comics, animation, and video game industries. Provided by Wikipedia
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2461by Capron, E., Landais, A., Lemieux-Dudon, B., Schilt, A., Masson-Delmotte, Valérie, Buiron, D., Chappellaz, J., Dahl-Jensen, D., Johnsen, S., Leuenberger, M., Loulergue, L., Oerter, H.Contributors: “... (FNRS-CFB), France (IPEV and INSU/CNRS), Germany (AWI), Iceland (RannIs), Japan (MEXT), Sweden (SPRS...”
Published in Quaternary Science Reviews (2010)
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2462by Lunt, Daniel J., Bragg, Fran J., Chan, Wing Le, Hutchinson, David Karel, Ladant, Jean Baptiste, Morozova, Polina A., Niezgodzki, Igor, Steinig, Sebastian, Zhang, Zhongshi, Zhu, Jiang, Abe-Ouchi, Ayako, Anagnostou, Eleni, de Boer, Agatha M., Coxall, Helen K., Donnadieu, Yannick, Foster, Gavin L., Inglis, Gordon N., Knorr, Gregor, Langebroek, Petra M., Lear, Caroline H., Lohmann, Gerrit, Poulsen, Christopher J., Sepulchre, Pierre, Tierney, Jessica E., Valdes, Paul J., Volodin, Evgenii Mikhailovich, Dunkley Jones, Tom, Hollis, Christopher John, Huber, Matthew, Otto-Bliesner, Bette L.Contributors: “... Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, KAKEN: 17H06104 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports...”
Published in Climate of the Past (2021)
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2463by Fripiat, François, Meiners, Klaus M., Vancoppenolle, Martin, Papadimitriou, Stathys, Thomas, David, Ackley, Stephen F., Arrigo, Kevin R., Carnat, Gauthier, Cozzi, Stefano, Delille, Bruno, Dieckmann, Gerhard S., Dunbar, Robert, Fransson, Agneta, Kattner, Gerhard, Kennedy, Hilary, Lannuzel, Delphine, Munro, David R., Nomura, Daiki, Rintala, Janne-Markus, Schoemann, Véronique, Stefels, Jacqueline, Steiner, Nadja, Tison, Jean-LouisContributors: “...Hokkaido University Sapporo, Japan...”
Published in Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene (2017)
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2464by Mcguire, A.D., Koven, C., Lawrence, D.M., Clein, J.S., Xia, J., Beer, C., Burke, E., Chen, G., Chen, X., Delire, C., Jafarov, E., Macdougall, A., Marchenko, S., Nicolsky, D., Peng, Shuang, Rinke, A., Saito, K., Zhang, W., Alkama, R., Bohn, T.J., Ciais, Philippe, Decharme, B., Hayes, D.J., Ekici, A., Gouttevin, I., Hajima, T., Ji, D., Krinner, G., Lettenmaier, D.P., Luo, Y., Miller, P.A., Moore, J.C., Romanovsky, V., Schaedel, C., Schaefer, K., Schuur, E.A.G., Smith, Barry, Sueyoshi, T., Zhuang, QContributors: “...JAPAN AGENCY FOR MARINE EARTH SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY YOKOHAMA JPN...”
Published in Global Biogeochemical Cycles (2016)
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2465by Mcguire, A.D., Koven, C., Lawrence, D.M., Clein, J.S., Xia, J., Beer, C., Burke, E., Chen, G., Chen, X., Delire, C., Jafarov, E., Macdougall, A., Marchenko, S., Nicolsky, D., Peng, Shuang, Rinke, A., Saito, K., Zhang, W., Alkama, R., Bohn, T.J., Ciais, Philippe, Decharme, B., Hayes, D.J., Ekici, A., Gouttevin, I., Hajima, T., Ji, D., Krinner, G., Lettenmaier, D.P., Luo, Y., Miller, P.A., Moore, J.C., Romanovsky, V., Schaedel, C., Schaefer, K., Schuur, E.A.G., Smith, Barry, Sueyoshi, T., Zhuang, QContributors: “...JAPAN AGENCY FOR MARINE EARTH SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY YOKOHAMA JPN...”
Published in Global Biogeochemical Cycles (2016)
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2466by Mcguire, A.D., Koven, C., Lawrence, D.M., Clein, J.S., Xia, J., Beer, C., Burke, E., Chen, G., Chen, X., Delire, C., Jafarov, E., Macdougall, A., Marchenko, S., Nicolsky, D., Peng, Shuang, Rinke, A., Saito, K., Zhang, W., Alkama, R., Bohn, T.J., Ciais, Philippe, Decharme, B., Hayes, D.J., Ekici, A., Gouttevin, I., Hajima, T., Ji, D., Krinner, G., Lettenmaier, D.P., Luo, Y., Miller, P.A., Moore, J.C., Romanovsky, V., Schaedel, C., Schaefer, K., Schuur, E.A.G., Smith, Barry, Sueyoshi, T., Zhuang, QContributors: “...JAPAN AGENCY FOR MARINE EARTH SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY YOKOHAMA JPN...”
Published in Global Biogeochemical Cycles (2016)
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2467by Mcguire, A.D., Koven, C., Lawrence, D.M., Clein, J.S., Xia, J., Beer, C., Burke, E., Chen, G., Chen, X., Delire, C., Jafarov, E., Macdougall, A., Marchenko, S., Nicolsky, D., Peng, Shuang, Rinke, A., Saito, K., Zhang, W., Alkama, R., Bohn, T.J., Ciais, Philippe, Decharme, B., Hayes, D.J., Ekici, A., Gouttevin, I., Hajima, T., Ji, D., Krinner, G., Lettenmaier, D.P., Luo, Y., Miller, P.A., Moore, J.C., Romanovsky, V., Schaedel, C., Schaefer, K., Schuur, E.A.G., Smith, Barry, Sueyoshi, T., Zhuang, QContributors: “...JAPAN AGENCY FOR MARINE EARTH SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY YOKOHAMA JPN...”
Published in Global Biogeochemical Cycles (2016)
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2468by Mcguire, A.D., Koven, C., Lawrence, D.M., Clein, J.S., Xia, J., Beer, C., Burke, E., Chen, G., Chen, X., Delire, C., Jafarov, E., Macdougall, A., Marchenko, S., Nicolsky, D., Peng, Shuang, Rinke, A., Saito, K., Zhang, W., Alkama, R., Bohn, T.J., Ciais, Philippe, Decharme, B., Hayes, D.J., Ekici, A., Gouttevin, I., Hajima, T., Ji, D., Krinner, G., Lettenmaier, D.P., Luo, Y., Miller, P.A., Moore, J.C., Romanovsky, V., Schaedel, C., Schaefer, K., Schuur, E.A.G., Smith, Barry, Sueyoshi, T., Zhuang, QContributors: “...JAPAN AGENCY FOR MARINE EARTH SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY YOKOHAMA JPN...”
Published in Global Biogeochemical Cycles (2016)
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2469by Mcguire, A.D., Koven, C., Lawrence, D.M., Clein, J.S., Xia, J., Beer, C., Burke, E., Chen, G., Chen, X., Delire, C., Jafarov, E., Macdougall, A., Marchenko, S., Nicolsky, D., Peng, Shuang, Rinke, A., Saito, K., Zhang, W., Alkama, R., Bohn, T.J., Ciais, Philippe, Decharme, B., Hayes, D.J., Ekici, A., Gouttevin, I., Hajima, T., Ji, D., Krinner, G., Lettenmaier, D.P., Luo, Y., Miller, P.A., Moore, J.C., Romanovsky, V., Schaedel, C., Schaefer, K., Schuur, E.A.G., Smith, Barry, Sueyoshi, T., Zhuang, QContributors: “...JAPAN AGENCY FOR MARINE EARTH SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY YOKOHAMA JPN...”
Published in Global Biogeochemical Cycles (2016)
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2470by Fripiat, François, Meiners, Klaus M., Vancoppenolle, Martin, Papadimitriou, Stathys, Thomas, David, Ackley, Stephen F., Arrigo, Kevin R., Carnat, Gauthier, Cozzi, Stefano, Delille, Bruno, Dieckmann, Gerhard S., Dunbar, Robert, Fransson, Agneta, Kattner, Gerhard, Kennedy, Hilary, Lannuzel, Delphine, Munro, David R., Nomura, Daiki, Rintala, Janne-Markus, Schoemann, Véronique, Stefels, Jacqueline, Steiner, Nadja, Tison, Jean-LouisContributors: “...Hokkaido University Sapporo, Japan...”
Published in Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene (2017)
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2471by Fripiat, François, Meiners, Klaus M., Vancoppenolle, Martin, Papadimitriou, Stathys, Thomas, David, Ackley, Stephen F., Arrigo, Kevin R., Carnat, Gauthier, Cozzi, Stefano, Delille, Bruno, Dieckmann, Gerhard S., Dunbar, Robert, Fransson, Agneta, Kattner, Gerhard, Kennedy, Hilary, Lannuzel, Delphine, Munro, David R., Nomura, Daiki, Rintala, Janne-Markus, Schoemann, Véronique, Stefels, Jacqueline, Steiner, Nadja, Tison, Jean-LouisContributors: “...Hokkaido University Sapporo, Japan...”
Published in Quaternary Science Reviews (2017)
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2472by Fripiat, François, Meiners, Klaus M., Vancoppenolle, Martin, Papadimitriou, Stathys, Thomas, David, Ackley, Stephen F., Arrigo, Kevin R., Carnat, Gauthier, Cozzi, Stefano, Delille, Bruno, Dieckmann, Gerhard S., Dunbar, Robert, Fransson, Agneta, Kattner, Gerhard, Kennedy, Hilary, Lannuzel, Delphine, Munro, David R., Nomura, Daiki, Rintala, Janne-Markus, Schoemann, Véronique, Stefels, Jacqueline, Steiner, Nadja, Tison, Jean-LouisContributors: “...Hokkaido University Sapporo, Japan...”
Published in Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene (2017)
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2473by Fripiat, François, Meiners, Klaus M., Vancoppenolle, Martin, Papadimitriou, Stathys, Thomas, David, Ackley, Stephen F., Arrigo, Kevin R., Carnat, Gauthier, Cozzi, Stefano, Delille, Bruno, Dieckmann, Gerhard S., Dunbar, Robert, Fransson, Agneta, Kattner, Gerhard, Kennedy, Hilary, Lannuzel, Delphine, Munro, David R., Nomura, Daiki, Rintala, Janne-Markus, Schoemann, Véronique, Stefels, Jacqueline, Steiner, Nadja, Tison, Jean-LouisContributors: “...Hokkaido University Sapporo, Japan...”
Published in Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene (2017)
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2474by Capron, E., Landais, A., Lemieux-Dudon, B., Schilt, A., Masson-Delmotte, Valérie, Buiron, D., Chappellaz, J., Dahl-Jensen, D., Johnsen, S., Leuenberger, M., Loulergue, L., Oerter, H.Contributors: “... (FNRS-CFB), France (IPEV and INSU/CNRS), Germany (AWI), Iceland (RannIs), Japan (MEXT), Sweden (SPRS...”
Published in Quaternary Science Reviews (2010)
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2475by Mcguire, A.D., Koven, C., Lawrence, D.M., Clein, J.S., Xia, J., Beer, C., Burke, E., Chen, G., Chen, X., Delire, C., Jafarov, E., Macdougall, A., Marchenko, S., Nicolsky, D., Peng, Shuang, Rinke, A., Saito, K., Zhang, W., Alkama, R., Bohn, T.J., Ciais, Philippe, Decharme, B., Hayes, D.J., Ekici, A., Gouttevin, I., Hajima, T., Ji, D., Krinner, G., Lettenmaier, D.P., Luo, Y., Miller, P.A., Moore, J.C., Romanovsky, V., Schaedel, C., Schaefer, K., Schuur, E.A.G., Smith, Barry, Sueyoshi, T., Zhuang, QContributors: “...JAPAN AGENCY FOR MARINE EARTH SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY YOKOHAMA JPN...”
Published in Global Biogeochemical Cycles (2016)
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2476by Mcguire, A.D., Koven, C., Lawrence, D.M., Clein, J.S., Xia, J., Beer, C., Burke, E., Chen, G., Chen, X., Delire, C., Jafarov, E., Macdougall, A., Marchenko, S., Nicolsky, D., Peng, Shuang, Rinke, A., Saito, K., Zhang, W., Alkama, R., Bohn, T.J., Ciais, Philippe, Decharme, B., Hayes, D.J., Ekici, A., Gouttevin, I., Hajima, T., Ji, D., Krinner, G., Lettenmaier, D.P., Luo, Y., Miller, P.A., Moore, J.C., Romanovsky, V., Schaedel, C., Schaefer, K., Schuur, E.A.G., Smith, Barry, Sueyoshi, T., Zhuang, QContributors: “...JAPAN AGENCY FOR MARINE EARTH SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY YOKOHAMA JPN...”
Published in Global Biogeochemical Cycles (2016)
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2477by Lunt, Daniel J., Bragg, Fran J., Chan, Wing Le, Hutchinson, David Karel, Ladant, Jean Baptiste, Morozova, Polina A., Niezgodzki, Igor, Steinig, Sebastian, Zhang, Zhongshi, Zhu, Jiang, Abe-Ouchi, Ayako, Anagnostou, Eleni, de Boer, Agatha M., Coxall, Helen K., Donnadieu, Yannick, Foster, Gavin L., Inglis, Gordon N., Knorr, Gregor, Langebroek, Petra M., Lear, Caroline H., Lohmann, Gerrit, Poulsen, Christopher J., Sepulchre, Pierre, Tierney, Jessica E., Valdes, Paul J., Volodin, Evgenii Mikhailovich, Dunkley Jones, Tom, Hollis, Christopher John, Huber, Matthew, Otto-Bliesner, Bette L.Contributors: “... Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, KAKEN: 17H06104 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports...”
Published in Climate of the Past (2021)
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2478by Fripiat, François, Meiners, Klaus M., Vancoppenolle, Martin, Papadimitriou, Stathys, Thomas, David, Ackley, Stephen F., Arrigo, Kevin R., Carnat, Gauthier, Cozzi, Stefano, Delille, Bruno, Dieckmann, Gerhard S., Dunbar, Robert, Fransson, Agneta, Kattner, Gerhard, Kennedy, Hilary, Lannuzel, Delphine, Munro, David R., Nomura, Daiki, Rintala, Janne-Markus, Schoemann, Véronique, Stefels, Jacqueline, Steiner, Nadja, Tison, Jean-LouisContributors: “...Hokkaido University Sapporo, Japan...”
Published in Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene (2017)
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2479by Fripiat, François, Meiners, Klaus M., Vancoppenolle, Martin, Papadimitriou, Stathys, Thomas, David, Ackley, Stephen F., Arrigo, Kevin R., Carnat, Gauthier, Cozzi, Stefano, Delille, Bruno, Dieckmann, Gerhard S., Dunbar, Robert, Fransson, Agneta, Kattner, Gerhard, Kennedy, Hilary, Lannuzel, Delphine, Munro, David R., Nomura, Daiki, Rintala, Janne-Markus, Schoemann, Véronique, Stefels, Jacqueline, Steiner, Nadja, Tison, Jean-LouisContributors: “...Hokkaido University Sapporo, Japan...”
Published in Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene (2017)
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2480by Fripiat, François, Meiners, Klaus M., Vancoppenolle, Martin, Papadimitriou, Stathys, Thomas, David, Ackley, Stephen F., Arrigo, Kevin R., Carnat, Gauthier, Cozzi, Stefano, Delille, Bruno, Dieckmann, Gerhard S., Dunbar, Robert, Fransson, Agneta, Kattner, Gerhard, Kennedy, Hilary, Lannuzel, Delphine, Munro, David R., Nomura, Daiki, Rintala, Janne-Markus, Schoemann, Véronique, Stefels, Jacqueline, Steiner, Nadja, Tison, Jean-LouisContributors: “...Hokkaido University Sapporo, Japan...”
Published in Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene (2017)
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