Japan
![[[Legend](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6b/Emperor_Jimmu.jpg)
The first known habitation of the archipelago dates to the Upper Paleolithic, with the beginning Japanese Paleolithic dating to . Between the fourth and sixth centuries, its kingdoms were united under an emperor in Nara, and later Heian-kyō. From the 12th century, actual power was held by military dictators () and feudal lords (), and enforced by warrior nobility (''samurai''). After rule by the Kamakura and Ashikaga shogunates and a century of warring states, Japan was unified in 1600 by the Tokugawa shogunate, which implemented an isolationist foreign policy. In 1853, a United States fleet forced Japan to open trade to the West, which led to the end of the shogunate and the restoration of imperial power in 1868. In the Meiji period, the Empire of Japan pursued rapid industrialization and modernization, as well as militarism and overseas colonization. In 1937, Japan invaded China, and in 1941 attacked the United States and European colonial powers, entering World War II as an Axis power. After suffering defeat in the Pacific War and two atomic bombings, Japan surrendered in 1945 and came under Allied occupation. After the war, the country underwent rapid economic growth, although its economy has stagnated since 1990.
Japan is a constitutional monarchy with a bicameral legislature, the National Diet. A great power and the only Asian member of the G7, Japan has constitutionally renounced its right to declare war, but maintains one of the world's strongest militaries. A highly developed country with one of the world's largest economies, Japan is a global leader in science and technology and the automotive, robotics, and electronics industries. It has one of the world's highest life expectancies, though it is undergoing a population decline. Japan's culture is well known around the world, including its art, cuisine, film, music, and popular culture, which includes prominent comics, animation, and video game industries. Provided by Wikipedia
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2401by Schmidt, G. A., Annan, J. D., Bartlein, P. J., Cook, B. I., Guilyardi, Éric, Hargreaves, J. C., Harrison, S. P., Kageyama, Masa, Legrande, Allegra N., Konecky, B., Lovejoy, S., Mann, M. E., Masson-Delmotte, Valérie, Risi, Camille, Thompson, D., Timmermann, Axel, Yiou, PascalContributors: “...Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC)...”
Published in Climate of the Past (2014)
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2402by Schmidt, G. A., Annan, J. D., Bartlein, P. J., Cook, B. I., Guilyardi, Éric, Hargreaves, J. C., Harrison, S. P., Kageyama, Masa, Legrande, Allegra N., Konecky, B., Lovejoy, S., Mann, M. E., Masson-Delmotte, Valérie, Risi, Camille, Thompson, D., Timmermann, Axel, Yiou, PascalContributors: “...Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC)...”
Published in Climate of the Past (2014)
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2403by Schmidt, G. A., Annan, J. D., Bartlein, P. J., Cook, B. I., Guilyardi, Éric, Hargreaves, J. C., Harrison, S. P., Kageyama, Masa, Legrande, Allegra N., Konecky, B., Lovejoy, S., Mann, M. E., Masson-Delmotte, Valérie, Risi, Camille, Thompson, D., Timmermann, Axel, Yiou, PascalContributors: “...Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC)...”
Published in Climate of the Past (2014)
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2404by Wang, W., Rinke, A., Moore, J.C., Ji, D., Cui, X., Peng, S., Lawrence, D.M., Mcguire, A.D., Burke, E.J., Chen, X., Decharme, B., Koven, C., Macdougall, C., Saito, K., Zhang, W., Alkama, R., Bohn, T.J., Ciais, Philippe, Delire, C., Gouttevin, I., Hajima, T., Krinner, G., Lettenmaier, D.P., Miller, P.A., Smith, B., Sueyoshi, T., Sherstiukov, A.B.Contributors: “...Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC)...”
Published in The Cryosphere (2016)
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2405by Wang, W., Rinke, A., Moore, J.C., Ji, D., Cui, X., Peng, S., Lawrence, D.M., Mcguire, A.D., Burke, E.J., Chen, X., Decharme, B., Koven, C., Macdougall, C., Saito, K., Zhang, W., Alkama, R., Bohn, T.J., Ciais, Philippe, Delire, C., Gouttevin, I., Hajima, T., Krinner, G., Lettenmaier, D.P., Miller, P.A., Smith, B., Sueyoshi, T., Sherstiukov, A.B.Contributors: “...Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC)...”
Published in The Cryosphere (2016)
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2406by Rawlins, M. A, Mcguire, A. David, Kimball, J., Dass, P, Lawrence, D., Chen, X., Delire, C., Koven, C., Macdougall, A, Peng, S., Rinke, A., Saito, K., Zhang, W., Alkama, R., Bohn, T. J, Ciais, Philippe, Decharme, B., Gouttevin, Isabelle, Gouttevin, Hajima, T, Ji, D., Gerhard, Krinner, Lettenmaier, D. P., Miller, P., Moore, J.C., Smith, B., Sueyoshi, TContributors: “...Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC)...”
Published in Biogeosciences (2015)
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2407by Wang, W., Rinke, A., Moore, J.C., Ji, D., Cui, X., Peng, S., Lawrence, D.M., Mcguire, A.D., Burke, E.J., Chen, X., Decharme, B., Koven, C., Macdougall, C., Saito, K., Zhang, W., Alkama, R., Bohn, T.J., Ciais, Philippe, Delire, C., Gouttevin, I., Hajima, T., Krinner, G., Lettenmaier, D.P., Miller, P.A., Smith, B., Sueyoshi, T., Sherstiukov, A.B.Contributors: “...Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC)...”
Published in The Cryosphere (2016)
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2408by Miller, Lisa A., Fripiat, François, Else, Brent G.T., Bowman, Jeff S., Brown, Kristina A., Collins, R. Eric, Ewert, Marcela, Fransson, Agneta, Gosselin, Michel, Lannuzel, Delphine, Meiners, Klaus M., Michel, Christine, Nishioka, Jun, Nomura, Daiki, Papadimitriou, Stathys, Russell, Lynn M., Sørensen, Lise Lotte, Thomas, David N., Tison, Jean-Louis, van Leeuwe, Maria A., Vancoppenolle, Martin, Wolff, Eric W., Zhou, JiayunContributors: “...Hokkaido University Sapporo, Japan...”
Published in Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene (2015)
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2409by Miller, Lisa A., Fripiat, François, Else, Brent G.T., Bowman, Jeff S., Brown, Kristina A., Collins, R. Eric, Ewert, Marcela, Fransson, Agneta, Gosselin, Michel, Lannuzel, Delphine, Meiners, Klaus M., Michel, Christine, Nishioka, Jun, Nomura, Daiki, Papadimitriou, Stathys, Russell, Lynn M., Sørensen, Lise Lotte, Thomas, David N., Tison, Jean-Louis, van Leeuwe, Maria A., Vancoppenolle, Martin, Wolff, Eric W., Zhou, JiayunContributors: “...Hokkaido University Sapporo, Japan...”
Published in Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene (2015)
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2410by Schmidt, G. A., Annan, J. D., Bartlein, P. J., Cook, B. I., Guilyardi, Éric, Hargreaves, J. C., Harrison, S. P., Kageyama, Masa, Legrande, Allegra N., Konecky, B., Lovejoy, S., Mann, M. E., Masson-Delmotte, Valérie, Risi, Camille, Thompson, D., Timmermann, Axel, Yiou, PascalContributors: “...Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC)...”
Published in Climate of the Past (2014)
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2411by McGuire, A.D., Koven, C., Lawrence, D.M., Clein, J.S., Xia, J., BEER, C., Burke, E., Chen, G., Chen, X., Delire, C., Jafarov, E., MacDougall, A., Marchenko, S., Nicolsky, D., Peng, Shuang, Rinke, A., Saito, K., Zhang, W., Alkama, R., Bohn, T.J., Ciais, Philippe, Decharme, B., Hayes, D.J., Ekici, A., Gouttevin, I., Hajima, T., Ji, D., Krinner, G., Lettenmaier, D.P., Luo, Y., Miller, P.A., Moore, J.C., Romanovsky, V., Schaedel, C., Schaefer, K., Schuur, E.A.G., Smith, Barry, Sueyoshi, T., Zhuang, QContributors: “...JAPAN AGENCY FOR MARINE EARTH SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY YOKOHAMA JPN...”
Published in Global Biogeochemical Cycles (2016)
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2412by Miller, Lisa A., Fripiat, François, Else, Brent G.T., Bowman, Jeff S., Brown, Kristina A., Collins, R. Eric, Ewert, Marcela, Fransson, Agneta, Gosselin, Michel, Lannuzel, Delphine, Meiners, Klaus M., Michel, Christine, Nishioka, Jun, Nomura, Daiki, Papadimitriou, Stathys, Russell, Lynn M., Sørensen, Lise Lotte, Thomas, David N., Tison, Jean-Louis, van Leeuwe, Maria A., Vancoppenolle, Martin, Wolff, Eric W., Zhou, JiayunContributors: “...Hokkaido University Sapporo, Japan...”
Published in Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene (2015)
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2413by Smith, Doug M., Scaife, A., Eade, Rosie, Athanasiadis, P., Bellucci, Alessio, Bethke, I., Bilbao, R., Borchert, Leonard, Caron, L.-P., Counillon, F., Danabasoglu, Gokhan, Delworth, T. L., Doblas-Reyes, Francisco, Dunstone, N., Estella-Perez, Victor, Flavoni, Simona, Hermanson, L., Keenlyside, Noel S., Kharin, V., Kimoto, M., Merryfield, W., Mignot, Juliette, Mochizuki, T., Modali, K., Monerie, P.-A., Müller, W., Nicolí, D., Ortega, Pablo, Pankatz, K., Pohlmann, Holger, Robson, Jon, Ruggieri, Paolo, Sospedra-Alfonso, Reinel, Swingedouw, Didier, Wang, Yiguo, Wild, Simon, Yeager, Stephen, Yang, Xiaosong, Zhang, L.Contributors: “...Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC)...”
Published in Nature (2020)
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2414by Smith, Doug M., Scaife, A., Eade, Rosie, Athanasiadis, P., Bellucci, Alessio, Bethke, I., Bilbao, R., Borchert, Leonard F., Caron, L.-P., Counillon, F., Danabasoglu, Gokhan, Delworth, T. L., Doblas-Reyes, Francisco, Dunstone, N., Estella-Perez, Victor, Flavoni, Simona, Hermanson, L., Keenlyside, Noel S., Kharin, V., Kimoto, M., Merryfield, W., Mignot, Juliette, Mochizuki, T., Modali, K., Monerie, P.-A., Müller, W., Nicolí, D., Ortega, Pablo, Pankatz, K., Pohlmann, Holger, Robson, Jon, Ruggieri, Paolo, Sospedra-Alfonso, Reinel, Swingedouw, Didier, Wang, Yiguo, Wild, Simon, Yeager, Stephen, Yang, Xiaosong, Zhang, L.Contributors: “...Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC)...”
Published in Nature (2020)
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2415by Peng, S., Ciais, Philippe, Krinner, Gerhard, Wang, Tao, Gouttevin, Isabelle, Mcguire, A.D, Lawrence, D., Burke, E., Chen, X., Decharme, B., Koven, C., Macdougall, A, Rinke, A., Saito, K., Zhang, W., Alkama, R., Bohn, T.J, Delire, C., Hajima, T, Ji, D., Lettenmaier, D. P., Miller, P.A, Moore, J.C., Smith, B., Sueyoshi, TContributors: “...Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC)...”
Published in The Cryosphere (2016)
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2416by Smith, Doug M., Scaife, A., Eade, Rosie, Athanasiadis, P., Bellucci, Alessio, Bethke, I., Bilbao, Roberto, Borchert, Leonard F., Caron, L.-P., Counillon, F., Danabasoglu, Gokhan, Delworth, T. L., Doblas-Reyes, Francisco, Dunstone, Nick, Estella-Perez, Victor, Flavoni, Simona, Hermanson, L., Keenlyside, Noel S., Kharin, V., Kimoto, M., Merryfield, W., Mignot, Juliette, Mochizuki, T., Modali, K., Monerie, P.-A., Müller, W., Nicolí, D., Ortega, Pablo, Pankatz, K., Pohlmann, Holger, Robson, Jon, Ruggieri, Paolo, Sospedra-Alfonso, Reinel, Swingedouw, Didier, Wang, Yiguo, Wild, Simon, Yeager, Stephen, Yang, Xiaosong, Zhang, L.Contributors: “...Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC)...”
Published in Nature (2020)
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2417by Orr, James C., Fabry, Victoria J., Aumont, Olivier, Bopp, Laurent, Doney, Scott C., Feely, Richard A., Gnanadesikan, Anand, Gruber, Nicolas, Ishida, Akio, Joos, Fortunat, Key, Robert M., Lindsay, Keith, Maier-Reimer, Ernst, Matear, Richard J., Monfray, Patrick, Mouchet, Anne, Najjar, Raymond G., Plattner, Gian-Kasper, Rodgers, Keith B., Sabine, Christopher L., Sarmiento, Jorge L., Schlitzer, Reiner, Slater, Richard D., Totterdell, Ian J., Weirig, Marie-France, Yamanaka, Yasuhiro, Yool, AndrewContributors: “...Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC)...”
Published in Nature (2005)
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2418by Peng, S., Ciais, Philippe, Krinner, Gerhard, Wang, Tao, Gouttevin, Isabelle, Gouttevin, Mcguire, A.D, Lawrence, D., Burke, E., Chen, X., Decharme, B., Koven, C., Macdougall, A, Rinke, A., Saito, K., Zhang, W., Alkama, R., Bohn, T.J, Delire, C., Hajima, T, Ji, D., Lettenmaier, D. P., Miller, P.A, Moore, J.C., Smith, B., Sueyoshi, TContributors: “...Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC)...”
Published in The Cryosphere (2016)
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2419by Peng, S., Ciais, Philippe, Krinner, Gerhard, Wang, Tao, Gouttevin, Isabelle, Gouttevin, Mcguire, A.D, Lawrence, D., Burke, E., Chen, X., Decharme, B., Koven, C., Macdougall, A, Rinke, A., Saito, K., Zhang, W., Alkama, R., Bohn, T.J, Delire, C., Hajima, T, Ji, D., Lettenmaier, D. P., Miller, P.A, Moore, J.C., Smith, B., Sueyoshi, TContributors: “...Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC)...”
Published in The Cryosphere (2016)
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2420by Peng, S., Ciais, Philippe, Krinner, Gerhard, Wang, Tao, Gouttevin, Isabelle, Gouttevin, Mcguire, A.D, Lawrence, D., Burke, E., Chen, X., Decharme, B., Koven, C., Macdougall, A, Rinke, A., Saito, K., Zhang, W., Alkama, R., Bohn, T.J, Delire, C., Hajima, T, Ji, D., Lettenmaier, D. P., Miller, P.A, Moore, J.C., Smith, B., Sueyoshi, TContributors: “...Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC)...”
Published in The Cryosphere (2016)
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