Iceland
![Norsemen landing in Iceland – a 19th-century depiction by [[Oscar Wergeland](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/Norsemen_Landing_in_Iceland.jpg)
Located on a rift between tectonic plates, Iceland's geologic activity includes geysers and frequent volcanic eruptions. The interior consists of a volcanic plateau characterised by sand and lava fields, mountains, and glaciers, and many glacial rivers flow to the sea through the lowlands. Iceland is warmed by the Gulf Stream and has a temperate climate, despite a latitude just south of the Arctic Circle. Its high latitude and marine influence keep summers chilly, and most of its islands have a polar climate.
According to the ancient manuscript , the settlement of Iceland began in 874 AD when the Norwegian chieftain Ingólfr Arnarson became the first permanent settler on the island. In the following centuries, Norwegians, and to a lesser extent other Scandinavians, immigrated to Iceland, bringing with them thralls (i.e., slaves or serfs) of Gaelic origin.
The island was governed as an independent commonwealth under the native parliament, the Althing, one of the world's oldest functioning legislative assemblies. Following a period of civil strife, Iceland acceded to Norwegian rule in the 13th century. In 1397, Iceland followed Norway's integration into the Kalmar Union along with the kingdoms of Denmark and Sweden, coming under ''de facto'' Danish rule following its dissolution in 1523. The Danish kingdom introduced Lutheranism by force in 1550, and Iceland was formally ceded to Denmark in 1814 by the Treaty of Kiel.
Influenced by ideals of nationalism after the French Revolution, Iceland's struggle for independence took form and culminated in the Danish–Icelandic Act of Union in 1918, with the establishment of the Kingdom of Iceland, sharing through a personal union the incumbent monarch of Denmark. During the occupation of Denmark in World War II, Iceland voted overwhelmingly to become a republic in 1944, thus ending the remaining formal ties with Denmark. Although the Althing was suspended from 1799 to 1845, the island republic nevertheless holds a claim to sustaining one of the longest-running parliaments in the world.
Until the 20th century, Iceland relied largely on subsistence fishing and agriculture. Industrialization of the fisheries and Marshall Plan aid following World War II brought prosperity, and Iceland became one of the wealthiest and most developed nations in the world. It became a part of the European Economic Area in 1994; this further diversified the economy into sectors such as finance, biotechnology, and manufacturing.
Iceland has a market economy with relatively low taxes, compared to other OECD countries, as well as the highest trade union membership in the world. It maintains a Nordic social welfare system that provides universal health care and tertiary education for its citizens. Iceland ranks highly in international comparisons of national performance, such as quality of life, education, protection of civil liberties, government transparency, and economic freedom. Iceland has the smallest population of any NATO member and is the only one with no standing army, possessing only a lightly armed coast guard. Provided by Wikipedia
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1141by Sverrisdóttir, Ingigerður S, Lund, Sigrún H, Turesson, Ingemar, Björkholm, Magnus, Goldin, Lynn R, Landgren, Ola, Kristinsson, Sigurður YContributors: “...1 Landspítali, National University Hospital, Reykjavík, Iceland. 2 Faculty of Medicine, University...”
Published in British Journal of Haematology (2019)
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1142by van Tonder, Andries J, Bray, James E, Jolley, Keith A, Jansen van Rensburg, Melissa, Quirk, Sigríður J, Haraldsson, Gunnsteinn, Maiden, Martin C J, Bentley, Stephen D, Haraldsson, Ásgeir, Erlendsdóttir, Helga, Kristinsson, Karl G, Brueggemann, Angela BContributors: “... Clinical Microbiology, University of Iceland and Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland. 6...”
Published in Frontiers in Microbiology (2019)
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1143by Helgason, Kristjan O, Jelle, Asdis E, Gudlaugsson, Olafur, Edvardsson, Vidar, Findlay, Jacqueline, Hopkins, Katie L, Woodford, Neil, Samuelsen, Ørjan, Hardarson, Hordur SContributors: “...1Clinical Microbiology, Landspítali University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland. Electronic address...”
Published in Journal of Global Antimicrobial Resistance (2016)
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1144by Adalsteinsdottir, Berglind, Burke, Michael, Maron, Barry J, Danielsen, Ragnar, Lopez, Begoña, Diez, Javier, Jarolim, Petr, Seidman, Jonathan, Seidman, Christine E, Ho, Carolyn Y, Gunnarsson, Gunnar ThContributors: “...1Department of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland. 2Division of Cardiology...”
Published in Open Heart (2020)
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1145by Birkebaek, N H, Kahlert, J, Bjarnason, R, Drivvoll, A K, Johansen, A, Konradsdottir, E, Pundziute-Lyckå, A, Samuelsson, U, Skrivarhaug, T, Svensson, JContributors: “... Clin Epidemiol, Aarhus, Denmark Show more 3 Landspitali Univ Hosp, Reykjavik, Iceland Show more 4 Univ...”
Published in Pediatric Diabetes (2018)
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1146by Adalsteinsson, Jonas A, Muzumdar, Sonal, Waldman, Reid, Hu, Chaoran, Wu, Rong, Ratner, Désirée, Feng, Hao, Ungar, Jonathan, Silverberg, Jonathan I, Olafsdottir, Gudridur H, Kristjansson, Arni Kjalar, Tryggvadottir, Laufey, Jonasson, Jon GunnlaugurContributors: “.... adalsteinsson@uchc.edu. 2Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Saemundargata 2, 101, Reykjavík, Iceland...”
Published in Archives of Dermatological Research (2021)
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1147by Styrkarsdottir, Unnur, Thorleifsson, Gudmar, Helgadottir, Hafdis T, Bomer, Nils, Metrustry, Sarah, Bierma-Zeinstra, S, Strijbosch, Annelieke M, Evangelou, Evangelos, Hart, Deborah, Beekman, Marian, Jonasdottir, Aslaug, Sigurdsson, Asgeir, Eiriksson, Finnur F, Thorsteinsdottir, Margret, Frigge, Michael L, Kong, Augustine, Gudjonsson, Sigurjon A, Magnusson, Olafur T, Masson, Gisli, Hofman, Albert, Arden, Nigel K, Ingvarsson, Thorvaldur, Lohmander, Stefan, Kloppenburg, Margreet, Rivadeneira, Fernando, Nelissen, Rob G H H, Spector, Tim, Uitterlinden, Andre, Slagboom, P Eline, Thorsteinsdottir, Unnur, Jonsdottir, Ingileif, Valdes, Ana M, Meulenbelt, Ingrid, van Meurs, Joyce, Jonsson, Helgi, Stefansson, KariContributors: “...1 deCODE Genet Amgen, Reykjavik, Iceland 2 Leiden Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Mol Epidemiol, Leiden...”
Published in Nature Genetics (2014)
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1148by Viktorsson, Sindri A, Helgason, Dadi, Orrason, Andri W, Aspelund, Thor, Sigurdsson, Martin Ingi, Geirsson, Arnar, Gudbjartsson, TomasContributors: “... of Medicine, University of Iceland. 3 The Icelandic Heart Association. 4 Department of Anesthesiology...”
Published 2017
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1149by Thengilsdóttir, G, Pottegård, A, Linnet, K, Halldórsson, M, Almarsdóttir, A B, Gardarsdóttir, HContributors: “...1 Univ Iceland, Fac Pharmaceut Sci, Reykjavik, Iceland 2 Univ Southern Denmark, Inst Publ Hlth...”
Published in International Journal of Clinical Practice (2015)
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1150by Sallam, Malik, Şahin, Gülşen Özkaya, Indriðason, Hlynur, Esbjörnsson, Joakim, Löve, Arthur, Widell, Anders, Gottfreðsson, Magnus, Medstrand, PatrikContributors: “... Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland. 5 Nuffield...”
Published in Infection Ecology & Epidemiology (2018)
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1151by Bernhardsdottir, A.E., Musacchio, G., Ferreira, M., Falsaperla, S., UPStrat-MAFA Outreach Working GroupContributors: “...Bernhardsdottir, A.E.; EERC, University of Iceland, Selfoss, Iceland...”
Published 2014
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1152by Groffen, Daniëlle A I, Koster, Annemarie, Bosma, Hans, van den Akker, Marjan, Aspelund, Thor, Siggeirsdóttir, Kristín, Kempen, Gertrudis I J M, van Eijk, Jacques Th M, Eiriksdottir, Gudny, Jónsson, Pálmi V, Launer, Lenore J, Gudnason, Vilmundur, Harris, Tamara BContributors: “..., Netherlands, Katholieke Univ Leuven, Dept Gen Practice, Louvain, Belgium, Iceland Heart Assoc, Kopavogur...”
Published in BMC Public Health (2013)
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1153by Ingimarsson, Oddur, MacCabe, James H, Haraldsson, Magnús, Jónsdóttir, Halldóra, Sigurdsson, EngilbertContributors: “...1 Univ Iceland, Sch Hlth Sci, Fac Med, Reykjavik, Iceland 2 Landspitali Univ Hosp, Mental Hlth Serv...”
Published in Nordic Journal of Psychiatry (2016)
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1154by Li, Bo, Gabriel, Alice-Agnes, Ulrich, Thomas, Abril, Claudia, Halldorsson, BenediktContributors: “...Service and Research Division Icelandic Meteorological Office Reykjavík Iceland...”
Published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth (2023)
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1155by Barrio, Isabel C, Hik, D.S., Þórrsson, Jóhann, Svavarsdóttir, Kristín, Marteinsdóttir, Bryndís, Jónsdóttir, Ingibjörg SvalaContributors: “...University of Iceland...”
Published in Land Degradation & Development (2018)
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1156Contributors: “..., Reykjavík; Herdís Sveinsdóttir, Professor, Faculty of Nursing, University of Iceland, Eirberg, Eiríksgötu...”
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1157by Barrio, Isabel C, Bueno, C. Guillermo, Gartzia, M, Soininen, E.M., Christie, K.S., Speed, J.D.M., Ravolainen, V.T., Forbes, B.C., Gauthier, G., Horstkotte, T., Hoset, K.S., Hoye, T.T., Jónsdóttir, Ingibjörg Svala, Lévesque, E., Mörsdorf, M.A., Olofsson, J., Wookey, P.A., Hik, D.S.Contributors: “...University of Iceland...”
Published in Global Ecology and Biogeography (2016)
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1158by Anamthawat-Jónsson, Kesara, Karlsdóttir, L., Thórsson, Æ. Th., Jóhannsson, M. H.Contributors: “...University of Iceland...”
Published in New Forests (2020)
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1160by Aoki, Kagari, Isojunno, Saana, Bellot, Charlotte, Iwata, Takashi, Kershaw, Joanna, Akiyama, Yu, Martín López, Lucía M., Ramp, Christian, Biuw, Martin, Swift, René, Wensveen, Paulus Jacobus, Pomeroy, Patrick, Narazaki, Tomoko, Hall, Ailsa, Sato, Katsufumi, Miller, Patrick J.O.Contributors: “...University of Iceland...”
Published in Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences (2021)
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