Iceland
![Norsemen landing in Iceland – a 19th-century depiction by [[Oscar Wergeland](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/Norsemen_Landing_in_Iceland.jpg)
Located on a rift between tectonic plates, Iceland's geologic activity includes geysers and frequent volcanic eruptions. The interior consists of a volcanic plateau characterised by sand and lava fields, mountains, and glaciers, and many glacial rivers flow to the sea through the lowlands. Iceland is warmed by the Gulf Stream and has a temperate climate, despite a latitude just south of the Arctic Circle. Its high latitude and marine influence keep summers chilly, and most of its islands have a polar climate.
According to the ancient manuscript , the settlement of Iceland began in 874 AD when the Norwegian chieftain Ingólfr Arnarson became the first permanent settler on the island. In the following centuries, Norwegians, and to a lesser extent other Scandinavians, immigrated to Iceland, bringing with them thralls (i.e., slaves or serfs) of Gaelic origin.
The island was governed as an independent commonwealth under the native parliament, the Althing, one of the world's oldest functioning legislative assemblies. Following a period of civil strife, Iceland acceded to Norwegian rule in the 13th century. In 1397, Iceland followed Norway's integration into the Kalmar Union along with the kingdoms of Denmark and Sweden, coming under ''de facto'' Danish rule following its dissolution in 1523. The Danish kingdom introduced Lutheranism by force in 1550, and Iceland was formally ceded to Denmark in 1814 by the Treaty of Kiel.
Influenced by ideals of nationalism after the French Revolution, Iceland's struggle for independence took form and culminated in the Danish–Icelandic Act of Union in 1918, with the establishment of the Kingdom of Iceland, sharing through a personal union the incumbent monarch of Denmark. During the occupation of Denmark in World War II, Iceland voted overwhelmingly to become a republic in 1944, thus ending the remaining formal ties with Denmark. Although the Althing was suspended from 1799 to 1845, the island republic nevertheless holds a claim to sustaining one of the longest-running parliaments in the world.
Until the 20th century, Iceland relied largely on subsistence fishing and agriculture. Industrialization of the fisheries and Marshall Plan aid following World War II brought prosperity, and Iceland became one of the wealthiest and most developed nations in the world. It became a part of the European Economic Area in 1994; this further diversified the economy into sectors such as finance, biotechnology, and manufacturing.
Iceland has a market economy with relatively low taxes, compared to other OECD countries, as well as the highest trade union membership in the world. It maintains a Nordic social welfare system that provides universal health care and tertiary education for its citizens. Iceland ranks highly in international comparisons of national performance, such as quality of life, education, protection of civil liberties, government transparency, and economic freedom. Iceland has the smallest population of any NATO member and is the only one with no standing army, possessing only a lightly armed coast guard. Provided by Wikipedia
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1121Contributors: “... of Iceland, Landspitali - University Hospital, Department of Geriatric Medicine and Faculty of Medicine...”
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1122by Shortall, Ruth, Davidsdottir, Brynhildur, Axelsson, GuðniContributors: “...Orkustofnun (National Energy Authority of Iceland), Landsvirkjun Power and RANNÍS...”
Published in Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews (2015)
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1123by Jonsdottir, Freyja, Blondal, Anna B, Gudmundsson, Adalsteinn, Bates, Ian, Stevenson, Jennifer Mary, Sigurdsson, Martin IContributors: “..., National University Hospital of Iceland...”
Published in BMJ Open (2024)
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1124by Privratsky, Jamie R, Krishnamoorthy, Vijay, Raghunathan, Karthik, Ohnuma, Tetsu, Rasouli, Mohammad R, Long, Thorir E, Sigurdsson, Martin IContributors: “...-The National University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland. 7Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland...”
Published in Anesthesia & Analgesia (2022)
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1125by Young, S, Khondoker, M, Emilsson, B, Sigurdsson, J F, Philipp-Wiegmann, F, Baldursson, G, Olafsdottir, H, Gudjonsson, GContributors: “...Reykjavik University,Reykjavik,Iceland. 4Broadmoor Hospital,West London Mental Health NHS Trust,Crowthorne...”
Published in Psychological Medicine (2015)
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1126by Dahm, Torsten, Jousset, Philippe, Heimann, Sebastian, Milkereit, Claus, Hersir, Gylfi Páll, Magnússon, RögnvaldurContributors: “...Iceland GeoSurvey (ÍSOR), Reykjavík, Iceland...”
Published 2020
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1127by Björnsson, Oddur, Gudmundsson, Eirikur Orri, Marteinsson, Valur Thor, Jonsson, EirikurContributors: “...1 Landspitali Univ Hosp, Dept Urol, IS-101 Reykjavik, Iceland Organization-Enhanced Name...”
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Urology (2016)
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1128Contributors: “...Icelandic Fisheries Laboratories, Reykjavik, Iceland...”
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1129by Geirsson, H., Árnadóttir, Thóra, Bennett, R., Hreinsdottir, S., Jonsson, S., Lafemina, P., Sturkell, E., Villemin, Thierry, Miyazaki, S.Contributors: “...Institute of Earth Sciences University of Iceland...”
Published 2006
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1130by Geirsson, H., Árnadóttir, Thóra, Bennett, R., Hreinsdottir, S., Jonsson, S., Lafemina, P., Sturkell, E., Villemin, Thierry, Miyazaki, S.Contributors: “...Institute of Earth Sciences University of Iceland...”
Published 2006
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1131by Geirsson, H., Árnadóttir, Thóra, Bennett, R., Hreinsdottir, S., Jonsson, S., Lafemina, P., Sturkell, E., Villemin, Thierry, Miyazaki, S.Contributors: “...Institute of Earth Sciences University of Iceland...”
Published 2006
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1132by Hultcrantz, Malin, Svensson, Tobias, Derolf, Åsa R, Kristinsson, Sigurdur Y, Lindqvist, Ebba K, Ekbom, Anders, Granath, Fredrik, Björkholm, MagnusContributors: “... Univ Iceland, Fac Med, Reykjavik, Iceland 5 Landspitali Natl Univ Hosp, Dept Hematol, Reykjavik...”
Published in Cancer Medicine (2015)
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1133by Sonnemann, Tim, Halldorsson, Benedikt, Jonsson, SigurjonContributors: “... of Engineering and Natural Sciences, University of Iceland, Austurvegur 2a, 800, Selfoss, Iceland...”
Published in Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering (2019)
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1134by Geirsson, H., Árnadóttir, Thóra, Bennett, R., Hreinsdottir, S., Jonsson, S., Lafemina, P., Sturkell, E., Villemin, Thierry, Miyazaki, S.Contributors: “...Institute of Earth Sciences University of Iceland...”
Published 2006
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1135by Geirsson, H., Árnadóttir, Thóra, Bennett, R., Hreinsdottir, S., Jonsson, S., Lafemina, P., Sturkell, E., Villemin, Thierry, Miyazaki, S.Contributors: “...Institute of Earth Sciences University of Iceland...”
Published 2006
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1136by Juniusdottir, Ragnheidur, Hörnell, Agneta, Gunnarsdottir, Ingibjorg, Lagstrom, Hanna, Waling, Maria, Olsson, Cecilia, Talvia, Sanna, Olafsdottir, Anna SContributors: “...1 School of Education, University of Iceland, v/Stakkahlid, 105 Reykjavik, Iceland. 2 Department...”
Published in Journal of School Health (2018)
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1137by Sallam, Malik, Esbjörnsson, Joakim, Baldvinsdóttir, Guðrún, Indriðason, Hlynur, Björnsdóttir, Thora Björg, Widell, Anders, Gottfreðsson, Magnús, Löve, Arthur, Medstrand, PatrikContributors: “..., Dept Virol, Reykjavik, Iceland Show the Organization-Enhanced name(s) 5 Univ Iceland, Fac Med, Sch Hlth...”
Published in Infection, Genetics and Evolution (2017)
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1138by Adalsteinsson, J A, Olafsdottir, E, Ratner, D, Waldman, R, Feng, H, Ungar, J, Silverberg, J I, Kristjansson, A K, Jonasson, J G, Tryggvadottir, LContributors: “...1Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Saemundargata 2, Reykjavik, 101, Iceland. 2Department...”
Published in British Journal of Dermatology (2021)
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1139by Vidarsdottir, Olina G, Roberts, David L, Twamley, Elizabeth W, Gudmundsdottir, Berglind, Sigurdsson, Engilbert, Magnusdottir, Brynja BContributors: “...1Department of Psychiatry, Landspitali-The National University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland. 2...”
Published in Frontiers in Psychiatry (2021)
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1140by Pearlman, Rachel, Haraldsdottir, Sigurdis, de la Chapelle, Albert, Jonasson, Jon G, Liyanarachchi, Sandya, Frankel, Wendy L, Rafnar, Thorunn, Stefansson, Kari, Pritchard, Colin C, Hampel, HeatherContributors: “..., Reykjavik, Iceland. 5 University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland. 6 Pathology, Ohio State University Wexner...”
Published in Journal of Medical Genetics (2019)
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