Iceland
![Norsemen landing in Iceland – a 19th-century depiction by [[Oscar Wergeland](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/Norsemen_Landing_in_Iceland.jpg)
Located on a rift between tectonic plates, Iceland's geologic activity includes geysers and frequent volcanic eruptions. The interior consists of a volcanic plateau characterised by sand and lava fields, mountains, and glaciers, and many glacial rivers flow to the sea through the lowlands. Iceland is warmed by the Gulf Stream and has a temperate climate, despite a latitude just south of the Arctic Circle. Its high latitude and marine influence keep summers chilly, and most of its islands have a polar climate.
According to the ancient manuscript , the settlement of Iceland began in 874 AD when the Norwegian chieftain Ingólfr Arnarson became the first permanent settler on the island. In the following centuries, Norwegians, and to a lesser extent other Scandinavians, immigrated to Iceland, bringing with them thralls (i.e., slaves or serfs) of Gaelic origin.
The island was governed as an independent commonwealth under the native parliament, the Althing, one of the world's oldest functioning legislative assemblies. Following a period of civil strife, Iceland acceded to Norwegian rule in the 13th century. In 1397, Iceland followed Norway's integration into the Kalmar Union along with the kingdoms of Denmark and Sweden, coming under ''de facto'' Danish rule following its dissolution in 1523. The Danish kingdom introduced Lutheranism by force in 1550, and Iceland was formally ceded to Denmark in 1814 by the Treaty of Kiel.
Influenced by ideals of nationalism after the French Revolution, Iceland's struggle for independence took form and culminated in the Danish–Icelandic Act of Union in 1918, with the establishment of the Kingdom of Iceland, sharing through a personal union the incumbent monarch of Denmark. During the occupation of Denmark in World War II, Iceland voted overwhelmingly to become a republic in 1944, thus ending the remaining formal ties with Denmark. Although the Althing was suspended from 1799 to 1845, the island republic nevertheless holds a claim to sustaining one of the longest-running parliaments in the world.
Until the 20th century, Iceland relied largely on subsistence fishing and agriculture. Industrialization of the fisheries and Marshall Plan aid following World War II brought prosperity, and Iceland became one of the wealthiest and most developed nations in the world. It became a part of the European Economic Area in 1994; this further diversified the economy into sectors such as finance, biotechnology, and manufacturing.
Iceland has a market economy with relatively low taxes, compared to other OECD countries, as well as the highest trade union membership in the world. It maintains a Nordic social welfare system that provides universal health care and tertiary education for its citizens. Iceland ranks highly in international comparisons of national performance, such as quality of life, education, protection of civil liberties, government transparency, and economic freedom. Iceland has the smallest population of any NATO member and is the only one with no standing army, possessing only a lightly armed coast guard. Provided by Wikipedia
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1061Glacial geological studies of surge-type glaciers in Iceland — Research status and future challengesby Ingólfsson, Ólafur, Benediktsson, Ívar Örn, Schomacker, Anders, Kjær, Kurt H., Brynjólfsson, Skafti, Jónsson, Sverrir A., Korsgaard, Niels Jákup, Johnson, Mark D.Contributors: “...Iceland Research Fund...”
Published in Earth-Science Reviews (2016)
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1062by Sturkell, E., Einarsson, P., Sigmundsson, F., Ofeigsson, B. G., Geirsson, H., Pedersen, R., Árnadóttir, Thóra, Ólafsson, H., De Zeeuw-Van Dalfsen, E., Linde, A. T., Sacks, S. I., Lafemina, P. C., Pagli, C., Villemin, Thierry, Rymer, H.Contributors: “...Institute of Earth Sciences University of Iceland...”
Published 2008
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1063by Sturkell, E., Einarsson, P., Sigmundsson, F., Ofeigsson, B. G., Geirsson, H., Pedersen, R., Árnadóttir, Thóra, Ólafsson, H., de Zeeuw-van Dalfsen, E., Linde, A. T., Sacks, S. I., Lafemina, P. C., Pagli, C., Villemin, Thierry, Rymer, H.Contributors: “...Institute of Earth Sciences University of Iceland...”
Published 2008
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1064Contributors: “...Thorvaldsdottir, S.; Earthquake Engineering Research Centre (EERC), Selfoss, Iceland...”
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1065by Thorhallsdottir, Anna Kristin, Gislason, David, Malinovschi, Andrei, Clausen, Michael, Gislason, Thorarinn, Janson, Christer, Benediktsdottir, BryndisContributors: “...Primary Hlth Care Ctr, Gardabaer, Iceland 2 Landspitali, Dept Resp Med & Sleep, Reykjavik, Iceland...”
Published in Journal of Breath Research (2017)
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1066by Sturkell, E., Einarsson, P., Sigmundsson, F., Ofeigsson, B. G., Geirsson, H., Pedersen, R., Árnadóttir, Thóra, Ólafsson, H., De Zeeuw-Van Dalfsen, E., Linde, A. T., Sacks, S. I., Lafemina, P. C., Pagl, C., Villemin, Thierry, Rymer, H.Contributors: “...Institute of Earth Sciences University of Iceland...”
Published 2008
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1067by Sturkell, E., Einarsson, P., Sigmundsson, F., Ofeigsson, B. G., Geirsson, H., Pedersen, R., Árnadóttir, Thóra, Ólafsson, H., De Zeeuw-Van Dalfsen, E., Linde, A. T., Sacks, S. I., Lafemina, P. C., Pagl, C., Villemin, Thierry, Rymer, H.Contributors: “...Institute of Earth Sciences University of Iceland...”
Published 2008
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1068by Sturkell, E., Einarsson, P., Sigmundsson, F., Ofeigsson, B. G., Geirsson, H., Pedersen, R., Árnadóttir, Thóra, Ólafsson, H., de Zeeuw-van Dalfsen, E., Linde, A. T., Sacks, S. I., Lafemina, P. C., Pagl, C., Villemin, Thierry, Rymer, H.Contributors: “...Institute of Earth Sciences University of Iceland...”
Published 2008
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1069by Asdahl, Peter Haubjerg, Ojha, Rohit Priyadarshi, Winther, Jeanette Falck, Holmqvist, Anna Sällfors, de Fine Licht, Sofie, Gudmundsdottir, Thorgerdur, Madanat-Harjuoja, Laura, Tryggvadottir, Laufey, Andersen, Klaus Kaae, Hasle, HenrikContributors: “..., Denmark Show more 5 Landspitali Univ Hosp, Childrens Hosp, Reykjavik, Iceland Show more 6 Skane Univ Hosp...”
Published in European Journal of Epidemiology (2018)
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1070by Gudjonsson, Gisli H, Sigurdsson, Jon Fridrik, Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora, Asgeirsdottir, Bryndis Bjork, González, Rafael A, Young, SusanContributors: “...1 Kings Coll London, London, England 2 Reykjavik Univ, Reykjavik, Iceland 3 Univ Iceland, Reykjavik...”
Published in Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology (2016)
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1071by Björnsdóttir, E.S., Martins, E.R., Erlendsdóttir, H., Haraldsson, G., Melo-Cristino, J., Kristinsson, K.G., Ramirez, M.Contributors: “...1 Landspitali Univ Hosp, Dept Clin Microbiol, Reykjavik, Iceland Organization-Enhanced Name...”
Published in Clinical Microbiology and Infection (2016)
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1072by Björnsson, Einar S, Hauksson, Kristjan, Sigurdardottir, Ragna, Arnardottir, Margret, Agustsson, Arnar S, Lund, Sigrun H, Kalaitzakis, EvangelosContributors: “...1Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland. 2Department of Gastroenterology...”
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology (2020)
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1073by Jonsdottir, Lilja S, Sigfusson, Nikulas, Gudnason, Vilmundur, Sigvaldason, Helgi, Thorgeirsson, GudmundurContributors: “...Heart Preventive Clinic, Icelandic Heart Association, Holtasmári 1, 201 Kópavogur, Iceland...”
Published 2008
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1074by Óskarsdóttir, Svanhildur, Kristjansdottir, Audur, Guðmundsdóttir, Judith Amalía, Kamban, Sólrún W, Licina, Zinajda Alomerovic, Gudmundsdottir, Drifa Bjork, Guðjónsdóttir, ÞjóðbjörgContributors: “...University of Iceland...”
Published in Pediatric Rheumatology (2022)
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1075by Freysdottir, J, Omarsdottir, S, Ingólfsdóttir, K, Vikingsson, A, Olafsdottir, ESContributors: “...Centre for Rheumatology Research, Landspitali University Hospital, IS-101 Reykjavik, Iceland...”
Published in International Immunopharmacology (2008)
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1076by Aradottir Pind, Audur Anna, Molina Estupiñan, Jenny Lorena, Magnusdottir, Gudbjorg Julia, Del Giudice, Giuseppe, Jonsdottir, Ingileif, Bjarnarson, Stefania P.Contributors: “...University of Iceland...”
Published in Frontiers in Immunology (2020)
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1077by Andrews, John T., Geirsdóttir, Aslaug, Hardardóttir, Jórunn, Principato, Sarah, Grönvold, Karl, Kristjansdóttir, Gréta B., Helgadóttir, Gudrún, Drexler, John, Sveinbjörnsdóttir, ArnyContributors: “...Iceland Research Council...”
Published in Journal of Quaternary Science (2002)
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1078by Glintborg, Bente, Gudbjornsson, Bjorn, Steen Krogh, Niels, Omerovic, Emina, Manilo, Natalia, Holland-Fischer, Mette, Lindegaard, Hanne M, Gitte Loft, Anne, Nordin, Henrik, Johnsen, Laura, Flejsborg Oeftiger, Sussi, Hansen, Annette, Rasmussen, Claus, Grondal, Gerdur, Jon Geirsson, Arni, Lund Hetland, MereteContributors: “...), Landspitali University Hospital of Iceland, Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland...”
Published in Rheumatology (2014)
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1079by Sigurdardottir, Anna Olafia, Svavarsdottir, Erla Kolbrun, Rayens, Mary Kay, Adkins, SarahContributors: “...Landspitali, IS-101 Reykjavik, Iceland Univ Iceland, Fac Nursing, Sch Hlth Sci, Reykjavik, Iceland...”
Published in Nursing Clinics of North America (2014)
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1080by Stefansson, Hreinn, Meyer-Lindenberg, Andreas, Steinberg, Stacy, Magnusdottir, Brynja, Morgen, Katrin, Arnarsdottir, Sunna, Bjornsdottir, Gyda, Walters, G Bragi, Jonsdottir, Gudrun A, Doyle, Orla M, Tost, Heike, Grimm, Oliver, Kristjansdottir, Solveig, Snorrason, Heimir, Davidsdottir, Solveig R, Gudmundsson, Larus J, Jonsson, Gudbjorn F, Stefansdottir, Berglind, Helgadottir, Isafold, Haraldsson, Magnus, Jonsdottir, Birna, Thygesen, Johan H, Schwarz, Adam J, Didriksen, Michael, Stensbøl, Tine B, Brammer, Michael, Kapur, Shitij, Halldorsson, Jonas G, Hreidarsson, Stefan, Saemundsen, Evald, Sigurdsson, Engilbert, Stefansson, KariContributors: “...deCODE genetics/Amgen, Sturlugata 8, IS-101 Reykjavík, Iceland, Central Institute of Mental Health...”
Published in Nature (2014)
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