Iceland
![Norsemen landing in Iceland – a 19th-century depiction by [[Oscar Wergeland](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/Norsemen_Landing_in_Iceland.jpg)
Located on a rift between tectonic plates, Iceland's geologic activity includes geysers and frequent volcanic eruptions. The interior consists of a volcanic plateau characterised by sand and lava fields, mountains, and glaciers, and many glacial rivers flow to the sea through the lowlands. Iceland is warmed by the Gulf Stream and has a temperate climate, despite a latitude just south of the Arctic Circle. Its high latitude and marine influence keep summers chilly, and most of its islands have a polar climate.
According to the ancient manuscript , the settlement of Iceland began in 874 AD when the Norwegian chieftain Ingólfr Arnarson became the first permanent settler on the island. In the following centuries, Norwegians, and to a lesser extent other Scandinavians, immigrated to Iceland, bringing with them thralls (i.e., slaves or serfs) of Gaelic origin.
The island was governed as an independent commonwealth under the native parliament, the Althing, one of the world's oldest functioning legislative assemblies. Following a period of civil strife, Iceland acceded to Norwegian rule in the 13th century. In 1397, Iceland followed Norway's integration into the Kalmar Union along with the kingdoms of Denmark and Sweden, coming under ''de facto'' Danish rule following its dissolution in 1523. The Danish kingdom introduced Lutheranism by force in 1550, and Iceland was formally ceded to Denmark in 1814 by the Treaty of Kiel.
Influenced by ideals of nationalism after the French Revolution, Iceland's struggle for independence took form and culminated in the Danish–Icelandic Act of Union in 1918, with the establishment of the Kingdom of Iceland, sharing through a personal union the incumbent monarch of Denmark. During the occupation of Denmark in World War II, Iceland voted overwhelmingly to become a republic in 1944, thus ending the remaining formal ties with Denmark. Although the Althing was suspended from 1799 to 1845, the island republic nevertheless holds a claim to sustaining one of the longest-running parliaments in the world.
Until the 20th century, Iceland relied largely on subsistence fishing and agriculture. Industrialization of the fisheries and Marshall Plan aid following World War II brought prosperity, and Iceland became one of the wealthiest and most developed nations in the world. It became a part of the European Economic Area in 1994; this further diversified the economy into sectors such as finance, biotechnology, and manufacturing.
Iceland has a market economy with relatively low taxes, compared to other OECD countries, as well as the highest trade union membership in the world. It maintains a Nordic social welfare system that provides universal health care and tertiary education for its citizens. Iceland ranks highly in international comparisons of national performance, such as quality of life, education, protection of civil liberties, government transparency, and economic freedom. Iceland has the smallest population of any NATO member and is the only one with no standing army, possessing only a lightly armed coast guard. Provided by Wikipedia
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1021Contributors: “... of Iceland, Reykjavik. 2 Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik. 3...”
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1022by Olafsdottir, Helga Sol, Wikland, Matts, Möller, AndersContributors: “...Landspitali Univ Hosp, Dept Obstet & Gynaecol, IS-101 Reykjavik, Iceland; Fertil Ctr Scandinavia...”
Published in Sexual & Reproductive Healthcare (2014)
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1023by Magnusdottir, Vigdis, Vehmeijer, Wouter B., Eliasdottir, Thorunn S., Hardarson, Sveinn H., Schalij-Delfos, Nicoline E., Stefánsson, EinarContributors: “...1 Univ Iceland, Landspitali Univ Hosp, Dept Ophthalmol, Reykjavik, Iceland Show more 2 Oslo Univ...”
Published in Acta Ophthalmologica (2018)
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1024by Adalsteinsdottir, Berglind, Palsson, Runolfur, Desnick, Robert J, Gardarsdottir, Marianna, Teekakirikul, Polakit, Maron, Martin, Appelbaum, Evan, Neisius, Ulf, Maron, Barry J, Burke, Michael A, Chen, Brenden, Pagant, Silvere, Madsen, Christoffer V, Danielsen, Ragnar, Arngrimsson, Reynir, Feldt-Rasmussen, Ulla, Seidman, Jonathan G, Seidman, Christine E, Gunnarsson, Gunnar ThContributors: “...1 Univ Iceland, Fac Med, Reykjavik, Iceland 2 Landspitali Natl Univ Hosp Iceland, Div Cardiol...”
Published in Circulation: Cardiovascular Genetics (2017)
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1025by Stefansdottir, Vigdis, Thorolfsdottir, Eirny, Hognason, Hakon B, Patch, Christine, van El, Carla, Hentze, Sabine, Cordier, Christophe, Mendes, Álvaro, Jonsson, Jon JContributors: “...1Department of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Iceland, Landspitali - the National University...”
Published in European Journal of Human Genetics (2020)
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1026by Sigurdardottir, Lara G, Markt, Sarah C, Rider, Jennifer R, Haneuse, Sebastien, Fall, Katja, Schernhammer, Eva S, Tamimi, Rulla M, Flynn-Evans, Erin, Batista, Julie L, Launer, Lenore, Harris, Tamara, Aspelund, Thor, Stampfer, Meir J, Gudnason, Vilmundur, Czeisler, Charles A, Lockley, Steven W, Valdimarsdottir, Unnur A, Mucci, Lorelei AContributors: “...1 Univ Iceland, Ctr Publ Hlth Sci, Reykjavik, Iceland 2 Univ Iceland, Fac Med, Reykjavik, Iceland 3...”
Published in European Urology (2016)
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1027by Broström, Erika, Jõgi, Rain, Gislason, Thorarinn, Benediktsdottir, Bryndis, Burney, Peter G J, Janson, ChristerContributors: “... University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland; Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Iceland. 4 Faculty...”
Published in Respiratory Medicine (2018)
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1028by Waling, Maria, Olafsdottir, Anna S, Lagström, Hanna, Wergedahl, Hege, Jonsson, Bert, Olsson, Cecilia, Fossgard, Eldbjørg, Holthe, Asle, Talvia, Sanna, Gunnarsdottir, Ingibjorg, Hörnell, AgnetaContributors: “... of Education, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland. 3Turku Institute of Child and Youth Research...”
Published 2016
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1029by Björnsdóttir, Erla S, Martins, Elisabete R, Erlendsdóttir, Helga, Haraldsson, Gunnsteinn, Melo-Cristino, José, Ramirez, Mário, Kristinsson, Karl GContributors: “...1 From the Department of Clinical Microbiology, Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland...”
Published in Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal (2019)
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1030Contributors: “...Department of International Business, University of Akureyri, Reykjavik, Iceland...”
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1031Contributors: “...Unit for Nutrition Research, University of Iceland and Landspitali University Hospital, Eiriksgata...”
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1032by Gunnarsdottir, Ingibjorg, Birgisdottir, Bryndis E, Benediktsson, Rafn, Gudnason, Vilmundur, Thorsdottir, IngaContributors: “..., University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland. ingigun@landspitali.is...”
Published 2008
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1033by Rafnar, Thorunn, Sulem, Patrick, Besenbacher, Soren, Gudbjartsson, Daniel F, Zanon, Carlo, Gudmundsson, Julius, Stacey, Simon N, Kostic, Jelena P, Thorgeirsson, Thorgeir E, Thorleifsson, Gudmar, Bjarnason, Hjordis, Skuladottir, Halla, Gudbjartsson, Tomas, Isaksson, Helgi J, Isla, Dolores, Murillo, Laura, García-Prats, Maria D, Panadero, Angeles, Aben, Katja K H, Vermeulen, Sita H, van der Heijden, Henricus F M, Feser, William J, Miller, York E, Bunn, Paul A, Kong, Augustine, Wolf, Holly J, Franklin, Wilbur A, Mayordomo, Jose I, Kiemeney, Lambertus A, Jonsson, Steinn, Thorsteinsdottir, Unnur, Stefansson, KariContributors: “... of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland....”
Published in Cancer Research (2011)
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1034Contributors: “... Nutrition, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland...”
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1035by Kristjansdottir, Asa Gudrun, De Bourdeaudhuij, Ilse, Klepp, Knut-Inge, Thorsdottir, IngaContributors: “... Nutrition, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland....”
Published in Public Health Nutrition (2009)
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1036by Rögnvaldsson, Sæmundur, Steingrímsson, Vilhjálmur, Turesson, Ingemar, Björkholm, Magnus, Landgren, Ola, Kristinsson, Sigurður YngviContributors: “...Landspitali - The National University Hospital of Iceland...”
Published in Haematologica (2020)
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1037by Harðardóttir, Ingibjörg, Anderson, Kimberley Jade, Ósvaldsdóttir, Árný Björg, Atzinger, Birgit, Traustadóttir, Gunnhildur Ásta, Jensen, Kirstine Nolling, Lárusdóttir, Aðalheiður Elín, Bergþórsson, Jón Þór, Magnúsdóttir, ErnaContributors: “...Landspitali - The National University Hospital of Iceland...”
Published in Oncogene (2020)
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1038by Magnúsdóttir, Hildur, Pálsson, Snæbjörn, Westfall, Kristen Marie, Jónsson, Zophonías O, Goodall, Jake, Örnólfsdóttir, Erla BjörkContributors: “...University of Iceland Research Fund...”
Published in Biological Journal of the Linnean Society (2019)
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1039by Eddudóttir, Sigrún D., Erlendsson, Egill, Tinganelli, Leone, Gísladóttir, GuðrúnContributors: “...University of Iceland Eimskip Fund...”
Published in Boreas (2016)
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1040by Gíslason, Davið, Helyar, Sarah J, Óskarsson, Guðmundur J, Ólafsdóttir, Guðbjörg, Slotte, Aril, Jansen, Teunis, Jacobsen, Jan Arge, Ólafsson, Kristinn, Skirnisdottir, Sigurlaug, Dahle, Geir, Siegstad, Helle, Joensen, Hóraldur, Curti, Kiersten L, Grégoire, François, Masse, Jacques, Sveinsson, Sæmundur, Daníelsdóttir, Anna Kristín, Pampoulie, ChristopheContributors: “...Ministry of Fisheries and Aquaculture of Iceland...”
Published in ICES Journal of Marine Science (2020)
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