Iceland
![Norsemen landing in Iceland – a 19th-century depiction by [[Oscar Wergeland](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/Norsemen_Landing_in_Iceland.jpg)
Located on a rift between tectonic plates, Iceland's geologic activity includes geysers and frequent volcanic eruptions. The interior consists of a volcanic plateau characterised by sand and lava fields, mountains, and glaciers, and many glacial rivers flow to the sea through the lowlands. Iceland is warmed by the Gulf Stream and has a temperate climate, despite a latitude just south of the Arctic Circle. Its high latitude and marine influence keep summers chilly, and most of its islands have a polar climate.
According to the ancient manuscript , the settlement of Iceland began in 874 AD when the Norwegian chieftain Ingólfr Arnarson became the first permanent settler on the island. In the following centuries, Norwegians, and to a lesser extent other Scandinavians, immigrated to Iceland, bringing with them thralls (i.e., slaves or serfs) of Gaelic origin.
The island was governed as an independent commonwealth under the native parliament, the Althing, one of the world's oldest functioning legislative assemblies. Following a period of civil strife, Iceland acceded to Norwegian rule in the 13th century. In 1397, Iceland followed Norway's integration into the Kalmar Union along with the kingdoms of Denmark and Sweden, coming under ''de facto'' Danish rule following its dissolution in 1523. The Danish kingdom introduced Lutheranism by force in 1550, and Iceland was formally ceded to Denmark in 1814 by the Treaty of Kiel.
Influenced by ideals of nationalism after the French Revolution, Iceland's struggle for independence took form and culminated in the Danish–Icelandic Act of Union in 1918, with the establishment of the Kingdom of Iceland, sharing through a personal union the incumbent monarch of Denmark. During the occupation of Denmark in World War II, Iceland voted overwhelmingly to become a republic in 1944, thus ending the remaining formal ties with Denmark. Although the Althing was suspended from 1799 to 1845, the island republic nevertheless holds a claim to sustaining one of the longest-running parliaments in the world.
Until the 20th century, Iceland relied largely on subsistence fishing and agriculture. Industrialization of the fisheries and Marshall Plan aid following World War II brought prosperity, and Iceland became one of the wealthiest and most developed nations in the world. It became a part of the European Economic Area in 1994; this further diversified the economy into sectors such as finance, biotechnology, and manufacturing.
Iceland has a market economy with relatively low taxes, compared to other OECD countries, as well as the highest trade union membership in the world. It maintains a Nordic social welfare system that provides universal health care and tertiary education for its citizens. Iceland ranks highly in international comparisons of national performance, such as quality of life, education, protection of civil liberties, government transparency, and economic freedom. Iceland has the smallest population of any NATO member and is the only one with no standing army, possessing only a lightly armed coast guard. Provided by Wikipedia
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981Contributors: “...Jónsson, Hannes, Prof., University of Iceland, Iceland...”
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982by Ingadottir, Brynja, Johansson Stark, Asa, Leino-Kilpi, Helena, Sigurdardottir, Arun K, Valkeapää, Kirsi, Unosson, MitraContributors: “... Univ Hosp, Reykjavik, Iceland, Univ Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland, Univ Turku, Dept Nursing Sci, Turku...”
Published in Journal of Clinical Nursing (2015)
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983by Turmezei, T D, Treece, G M, Gee, A H, Sigurdsson, S, Jonsson, H, Aspelund, T, Gudnason, V, Poole, K E SContributors: “..., Kopavogur, Iceland. 4Department of Rheumatology, Landspitalinn University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland. 5...”
Published in Scientific Reports (2020)
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984by Thorsteinsdottir, Sigrun, Dickman, Paul W, Landgren, Ola, Blimark, Cecilie, Hultcrantz, Malin, Turesson, Ingemar, Björkholm, Magnus, Kristinsson, Sigurdur YContributors: “...1 Department of Internal Medicine, Landspitali - The National University Hospital of Iceland...”
Published in Haematologica (2018)
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985by Adalsteinsson, J A, Ratner, D, Olafsdóttir, E, Grant-Kels, J, Ungar, J, Silverberg, J I, Kristjansson, A K, Jonasson, J G, Tryggvadottir, LContributors: “...1University of Iceland, Saemundargata 2, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland. 2University of Connecticut...”
Published in British Journal of Dermatology (2020)
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986by Kristjansson, Alfgeir L, Thorisdottir, Ingibjorg E, Steingrimsdottir, Thora, Allegrante, John P, Lilly, Christa L, Sigfusdottir, Inga DContributors: “... Univ, Iceland Ctr Social Res & Anal, Reykjavik, Iceland 3 Reykjavik Univ, Dept Psychol, Reykjavik...”
Published in European Journal of Public Health (2017)
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987by Musacchio, G, Bernardsdottir, AE, Falsaperla, S, Ferreira, M A, UPStrat-MAFA Outreach Working GroupContributors: “...Bernardsdottir, AE; Earthquake Engineering Research Centre, University of Iceland, Selfoss, Iceland...”
Published 2014
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988by Thordardottir, Edda Bjork, Hansdottir, Ingunn, Shipherd, Jillian C., Valdimarsdottir, Unnur Anna, Resnick, Heidi, Elklit, Ask, Gudmundsdottir, Ragnhildur, Gudmundsdottir, BerglindContributors: “...1 Univ Iceland, Ctr Publ Hlth Sci, Fac Med, IS-101 Reykjavik, Iceland 2 Univ Iceland, Fac Psychol...”
Published in Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease (2016)
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989Contributors: “...1 Department of Neurology, Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland. 2 Department...”
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990by Hreinsson, Johann P, Jonsson, Armann, Bjornsson, Einar SContributors: “... and Hepatology, The National University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland. 3Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland...”
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology (2021)
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991by Magnusdottir, Berglind A, Baldursdottir, Maria B, Kalaitzakis, Evangelos, Björnsson, Einar SContributors: “...1 a Faculty of Medicine , University of Iceland , Reykjavík , Iceland. 2 b Digestive Disease Center...”
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology (2019)
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992by Abril, Claudia, Mai, Paul Martin, Halldórsson, Benedikt, Li, Bo, Gabriel, Alice-Agnes, Ulrich, ThomasContributors: “...Icelandic Meteorological Office - IMO, Reykjavik, Iceland...”
Published 2021
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993by Ducrocq, Cécile, Árnadóttir, Thóra, Einarsson, Páll, Jonsson, Sigurjon, Drouin, Vincent, Geirsson, Halldór, Hjartardóttir, Ásta RutContributors: “...Nordic Volcanological Center, Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland, Sturlugata 7...”
Published in Bulletin of Volcanology (2024)
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994by Thorsteinsdottir, Thorunn R, Haraldsson, Gunnsteinn, Fridriksdottir, Vala, Kristinsson, Karl G, Gunnarsson, EggertContributors: “...Institute for Experimental Pathology, University of Iceland, Keldur v/Vesturlandsveg, 112 Reykjavík...”
Published in Emerging Infectious Diseases (2010)
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995by Bolli Þórsson, Elías Freyr Guðmundsson, Gunnar Sigurðsson, Thor Aspelund, Vilmundur GuðnasonContributors: “...1 Icelandic Heart Association, 2 Landspitali- The National University Hospital of Iceland, 3...”
Published 2021
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996by Benediktsdóttir, Berglind E, Sørensen, Kasper K, Thygesen, Mikkel B, Jensen, Knud J, Gudjónsson, Thórarinn, Baldursson, Olafur, Másson, MárContributors: “...Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Hofsvallagata...”
Published in Carbohydrate Polymers (2013)
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997by Sigurdsson, Valgardur, Hilmarsdottir, Bylgja, Sigmundsdottir, Hekla, Fridriksdottir, Agla J R, Ringnér, Markus, Villadsen, Rene, Borg, Ake, Agnarsson, Bjarni A, Petersen, Ole William, Magnusson, Magnus K, Gudjonsson, ThorarinnContributors: “...Stem Cell Research Unit, Biomedical Center, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland...”
Published in PLoS ONE (2012)
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998by Gottfreðsdóttir, Helga, Arnason, VilhjálmurContributors: “...Department of Midwifery, Faculty of Nursing, University of Iceland, Eiríksgata 34, IS-101...”
Published in Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy (2012)
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999by Gudmundsson, Larus S, Scher, Ann I, Aspelund, Thor, Eliasson, Jon H, Johannsson, Magnus, Thorgeirsson, Gudmundur, Launer, Lenore, Gudnason, VilmundurContributors: “...Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Iceland, Hagi Hofsvallagata 53, IS-107...”
Published in BMJ (2010)
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1000by Jonsson, Thorsteinn, Jonsdottir, Helga, Möller, Alma D, Baldursdottir, LovísaContributors: “...School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Nursing, University of Iceland and Landspitali University...”
Published in Nursing in Critical Care (2012)
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