Iceland
![Norsemen landing in Iceland – a 19th-century depiction by [[Oscar Wergeland](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/Norsemen_Landing_in_Iceland.jpg)
Located on a rift between tectonic plates, Iceland's geologic activity includes geysers and frequent volcanic eruptions. The interior consists of a volcanic plateau characterised by sand and lava fields, mountains, and glaciers, and many glacial rivers flow to the sea through the lowlands. Iceland is warmed by the Gulf Stream and has a temperate climate, despite a latitude just south of the Arctic Circle. Its high latitude and marine influence keep summers chilly, and most of its islands have a polar climate.
According to the ancient manuscript , the settlement of Iceland began in 874 AD when the Norwegian chieftain Ingólfr Arnarson became the first permanent settler on the island. In the following centuries, Norwegians, and to a lesser extent other Scandinavians, immigrated to Iceland, bringing with them thralls (i.e., slaves or serfs) of Gaelic origin.
The island was governed as an independent commonwealth under the native parliament, the Althing, one of the world's oldest functioning legislative assemblies. Following a period of civil strife, Iceland acceded to Norwegian rule in the 13th century. In 1397, Iceland followed Norway's integration into the Kalmar Union along with the kingdoms of Denmark and Sweden, coming under ''de facto'' Danish rule following its dissolution in 1523. The Danish kingdom introduced Lutheranism by force in 1550, and Iceland was formally ceded to Denmark in 1814 by the Treaty of Kiel.
Influenced by ideals of nationalism after the French Revolution, Iceland's struggle for independence took form and culminated in the Danish–Icelandic Act of Union in 1918, with the establishment of the Kingdom of Iceland, sharing through a personal union the incumbent monarch of Denmark. During the occupation of Denmark in World War II, Iceland voted overwhelmingly to become a republic in 1944, thus ending the remaining formal ties with Denmark. Although the Althing was suspended from 1799 to 1845, the island republic nevertheless holds a claim to sustaining one of the longest-running parliaments in the world.
Until the 20th century, Iceland relied largely on subsistence fishing and agriculture. Industrialization of the fisheries and Marshall Plan aid following World War II brought prosperity, and Iceland became one of the wealthiest and most developed nations in the world. It became a part of the European Economic Area in 1994; this further diversified the economy into sectors such as finance, biotechnology, and manufacturing.
Iceland has a market economy with relatively low taxes, compared to other OECD countries, as well as the highest trade union membership in the world. It maintains a Nordic social welfare system that provides universal health care and tertiary education for its citizens. Iceland ranks highly in international comparisons of national performance, such as quality of life, education, protection of civil liberties, government transparency, and economic freedom. Iceland has the smallest population of any NATO member and is the only one with no standing army, possessing only a lightly armed coast guard. Provided by Wikipedia
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961by Erlingsdóttir, Helga, Jóhannesson, Ari, Ásgeirsdóttir, Tinna LContributors: “...Department of Economics, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Department of Medicine ,Landspítali...”
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation (2015)
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962Contributors: “...Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Iceland, Soltun 1, IS-105 Reykjavik, Iceland...”
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963Contributors: “...Mental Health Services, Landspítali-The National University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland...”
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964by Johannesdottir, Lilja, Alves, Jose, Gill, Jennifer A., Gunnarsson, Tomas GretarContributors: “...Research Centre in South Iceland (UI)...”
Published in Ecology and Society (2017)
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965by Geirsson, A J, Statkevicius, S, Víkingsson, AContributors: “...Department of Medicine, Landspitali Fossvogi, University Hospital of Iceland, 108 Reykjavík...”
Published in Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2008)
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966Contributors: “...Landspitali-University Hospital, University of Iceland, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health...”
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967by Alves, Jose, Dias, Maria P., Méndez, Verónica, Katrínardóttir, Borgný, Gunnarsson, Tomas GretarContributors: “...Research Centre in South Iceland (UI)...”
Published in Scientific Reports (2016)
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968by Laidlaw, Rebecca, Gunnarsson, Tomas Gretar, Méndez Aragón, Verónica, Carneiro, Camilo, Þórisson, Böðvar, Wentworth, Adam, Gill, Jennifer A., Alves, JoseContributors: “...Research Centre in South Iceland (UI)...”
Published in Ibis (2020)
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969by Carneiro, Camilo, Gunnarsson, Tomas Gretar, Alves, JoseContributors: “...Research Centre in South Iceland (UI)...”
Published in Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution (2020)
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970by Rafnsson, Vilhjalmur, Olafsdottir, Eydis, Hrafnkelsson, Jon, Sasaki, Hiroshi, Arnarsson, Arsaell, Jonasson, FridbertContributors: “...Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Iceland, Neshagi 16, 107 Reykjavik, Iceland...”
Published in Archives of Ophthalmology (2007)
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971by Thoroddsen, A, Einarsson, G V, Hardarson, S, Petursdottir, V, Magnusson, J, Jonsson, E, Gudbjartsson, TContributors: “..., University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland....”
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Urology and Nephrology (2008)
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972by Araújo, Pedro M., Viegas, Ivan, Rocha, Afonso D., Villegas, Auxiliadora, Jones, John G., Mendonça, Liliana, Ramos, Jaime A., Masero, José A., Alves, JoseContributors: “...Research Centre in South Iceland (UI)...”
Published in Scientific Reports (2019)
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973by Pardal, Sara, Drews, Anna, Alves, Jose, Ramos, Jaime A., Westerdahl, HelenaContributors: “...Research Centre in South Iceland (UI)...”
Published in Immunogenetics (2017)
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974by Viegas, Ivan, Araújo, Pedro M., Rocha, Afonso D., Villegas, Auxiliadora, Jones, John G., Ramos, Jaime A., Masero, José A., Alves, JoseContributors: “...Research Centre in South Iceland (UI)...”
Published in Journal of Experimental Biology (2017)
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975by Carneiro, Camilo, Gunnarsson, Tomas Gretar, Alves, JoseContributors: “...Research Centre in South Iceland (UI)...”
Published in Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution (2019)
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976Contributors: “...Doctoral Grants of University of Iceland...”
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977Contributors: “...1 Univ Iceland, Fac Nursing, Dept Midwifery, Reykjavik, Iceland Show more 2 Landspitali Univ Hosp...”
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978by Eiriksdottir, Valgerdur Kristin, Jonsdottir, Thordis, Valdimarsdottir, Heiddis B, Taylor, Kathryn L, Schwartz, Marc D, Hilmarsson, Rafn, Gudmundsson, Eirikur Orri, Fridriksson, Jon Orn, Baldursdottir, BirnaContributors: “...1Department of Psychology, Reykjavik University, Reykjavik, Iceland. 2Cancer Prevention and Control...”
Published in Behavioral Medicine (2022)
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979by Svavarsdottir, Erla Kolbrun, Garwick, Ann W, Anderson, Lori S, Looman, Wendy S, Seppelt, Ann, Orlygsdottir, BrynjaContributors: “...Univ Iceland, Sch Hlth Sci, Fac Nursing, IS-101 Reykjavik, Iceland Landspitali Univ Hosp, Reykjavik...”
Published in Journal of Advanced Nursing (2014)
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980by Gudjonsson, Gisli H, Sigurdsson, Jon Fridrik, Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora, Young, SusanContributors: “...Kings Coll London, London WC2R 2LS, England, Univ Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland, Landspitali...”
Published in Journal of Attention Disorders (2014)
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