Iceland
![Norsemen landing in Iceland – a 19th-century depiction by [[Oscar Wergeland](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/Norsemen_Landing_in_Iceland.jpg)
Located on a rift between tectonic plates, Iceland's geologic activity includes geysers and frequent volcanic eruptions. The interior consists of a volcanic plateau characterised by sand and lava fields, mountains, and glaciers, and many glacial rivers flow to the sea through the lowlands. Iceland is warmed by the Gulf Stream and has a temperate climate, despite a latitude just south of the Arctic Circle. Its high latitude and marine influence keep summers chilly, and most of its islands have a polar climate.
According to the ancient manuscript , the settlement of Iceland began in 874 AD when the Norwegian chieftain Ingólfr Arnarson became the first permanent settler on the island. In the following centuries, Norwegians, and to a lesser extent other Scandinavians, immigrated to Iceland, bringing with them thralls (i.e., slaves or serfs) of Gaelic origin.
The island was governed as an independent commonwealth under the native parliament, the Althing, one of the world's oldest functioning legislative assemblies. Following a period of civil strife, Iceland acceded to Norwegian rule in the 13th century. In 1397, Iceland followed Norway's integration into the Kalmar Union along with the kingdoms of Denmark and Sweden, coming under ''de facto'' Danish rule following its dissolution in 1523. The Danish kingdom introduced Lutheranism by force in 1550, and Iceland was formally ceded to Denmark in 1814 by the Treaty of Kiel.
Influenced by ideals of nationalism after the French Revolution, Iceland's struggle for independence took form and culminated in the Danish–Icelandic Act of Union in 1918, with the establishment of the Kingdom of Iceland, sharing through a personal union the incumbent monarch of Denmark. During the occupation of Denmark in World War II, Iceland voted overwhelmingly to become a republic in 1944, thus ending the remaining formal ties with Denmark. Although the Althing was suspended from 1799 to 1845, the island republic nevertheless holds a claim to sustaining one of the longest-running parliaments in the world.
Until the 20th century, Iceland relied largely on subsistence fishing and agriculture. Industrialization of the fisheries and Marshall Plan aid following World War II brought prosperity, and Iceland became one of the wealthiest and most developed nations in the world. It became a part of the European Economic Area in 1994; this further diversified the economy into sectors such as finance, biotechnology, and manufacturing.
Iceland has a market economy with relatively low taxes, compared to other OECD countries, as well as the highest trade union membership in the world. It maintains a Nordic social welfare system that provides universal health care and tertiary education for its citizens. Iceland ranks highly in international comparisons of national performance, such as quality of life, education, protection of civil liberties, government transparency, and economic freedom. Iceland has the smallest population of any NATO member and is the only one with no standing army, possessing only a lightly armed coast guard. Provided by Wikipedia
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941by Ramel, A, Halldorsson, T I, Tryggvadottir, E A, Martinez, J A, Kiely, M, Bandarra, N M, Thorsdottir, IContributors: “...Univ Iceland, Univ Hosp, Landspitali, IS-101 Reykjavik, Iceland Univ Iceland, Fac Food Sci & Nutr...”
Published in European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (2014)
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942by Thorisdottir, Birna, Gunnarsdottir, Ingibjorg, Steingrimsdottir, Laufey, Palsson, Gestur I, Birgisdottir, Bryndis E, Thorsdottir, IngaContributors: “...1 Univ Iceland, Sch Hlth Sci, Fac Food Sci & Nutr, Unit Nutr Res, IS-101 Reykjavik, Iceland 2...”
Published in Nutrients (2016)
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943by Jörundsdóttir, Hrönn, Halldorsson, Thorhallur I, Gunnlaugsdottir, HelgaContributors: “...Matis, Icelandic Food and Biotech R&D, Vinlandsleid 12, 113 Reykjavik, Iceland. 2Faculty of Food...”
Published in Journal of Environmental and Public Health (2015)
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944by Haraldsdóttir, K H, Jónsson, Þ, Halldórsdóttir, A B, Tranberg, K-G, Ásgeirsson, K SContributors: “...1 Landspitali Univ Hosp, Dept Surg, IS-101 Reykjavik, Iceland Show the Organization-Enhanced name...”
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Surgery (2017)
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945by Ingimarsson, Johann P, Sigurdsson, Martin I, Hardarson, Sverrir, Petursdottir, Vigdis, Jonsson, Eirikur, Einarsson, Gudmundur V, Gudbjartsson, TomasContributors: “...Dept Urol, Memphis, TN USA, Dept Surg, Memphis, TN USA, Landspitali Univ Hosp, Reykjavik, Iceland...”
Published 2015
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946by Gudnason, Thorolfur, Hrafnkelsson, Birgir, Laxdal, Brynja, Kristinsson, Karl GContributors: “... University Hospital, Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Physical Sciences, University of Iceland...”
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases (2013)
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947by Morera, Erika, Steinhäuser, Sarah Sophie, Budkova, Zuzana, Ingthorsson, Saevar, Kricker, Jennifer, Krueger, Aileen, Traustadottir, Gunnhildur Asta, Gudjonsson, ThorarinnContributors: “... of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Vatnsmyrarvegi 16, 101, Reykjavik, Iceland. 2 Heidelberg...”
Published in In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology - Animal (2019)
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948by Gargiulo, Paolo, Árnadóttir, Íris, Gíslason, Magnús, Edmunds, Kyle, Ólafsson, IngvarContributors: “..., Iceland Show the Organization-Enhanced name(s) 2 Landspitali Univ Hosp, Menntavegi 1, IS-101 Reykjavik...”
Published in Journal of Healthcare Engineering (2017)
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949by Kristjánsdóttir, Hafrún, Sigurðardóttir, Petra, Jónsdóttir, Sigurlaug, Þorsteinsdóttir, Guðlaug, Saavedra, JoseContributors: “... Department, School of Social Sciences, Reykjavik University, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland. 2 Psychology Department...”
Published in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (2019)
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950by Björnsdóttir, Erla, Benediktsdóttir, Bryndís, Pack, Allan I, Arnardottir, Erna Sif, Kuna, Samuel T, Gíslason, Thorarinn, Keenan, Brendan T, Maislin, Greg, Sigurdsson, Jón FridrikContributors: “...1 Univ Iceland, Fac Med, Reykjavik, Iceland 2 Landspitali, Dept Resp Med & Sleep, Reykjavik...”
Published in Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine (2016)
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951by Helgadottir, S, Sigurdsson, M I, Palsson, R, Helgason, D, Sigurdsson, G H, Gudbjartsson, TContributors: “...1 Landspitali Univ Hosp, Dept Cardiothorac Surg, IS-101 Reykjavik, Iceland Organization-Enhanced...”
Published in Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica (2016)
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952by Rahpeyma, Sahar, Halldorsson, Benedikt, Hrafnkelsson, Birgir, Green, Russell A., Jonsson, SigurjonContributors: “... of Engineering and Natural Sciences, University of Iceland, Selfoss, , Iceland...”
Published in Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering (2019)
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953by Figueiredo, Pedro, Marques, Elisa A, Gudnason, Vilmundur, Lang, Thomas, Sigurdsson, Sigurdur, Jonsson, Palmi V, Aspelund, Thor, Siggeirsdottir, Kristin, Launer, Lenore, Eiriksdottir, Gudny, Harris, Tamara BContributors: “... Association Research Institute, Kópavogur, Iceland; University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland. 4Department...”
Published in Experimental Gerontology (2021)
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954by Jonsson, Stefan, Sveinbjornsson, Gardar, de Lapuente Portilla, Aitzkoa Lopez, Swaminathan, Bhairavi, Plomp, Rosina, Dekkers, Gillian, Ajore, Ram, Ali, Mina, Bentlage, Arthur E H, Elmér, Evelina, Eyjolfsson, Gudmundur I, Gudjonsson, Sigurjon A, Gullberg, Urban, Gylfason, Arnaldur, Halldorsson, Bjarni V, Hansson, Markus, Holm, Hilma, Johansson, Åsa, Johnsson, Ellinor, Jonasdottir, Aslaug, Ludviksson, Bjorn R, Oddsson, Asmundur, Olafsson, Isleifur, Olafsson, Sigurgeir, Sigurdardottir, Olof, Sigurdsson, Asgeir, Stefansdottir, Lilja, Masson, Gisli, Sulem, Patrick, Wuhrer, Manfred, Wihlborg, Anna-Karin, Thorleifsson, Gudmar, Gudbjartsson, Daniel F, Thorsteinsdottir, Unnur, Vidarsson, Gestur, Jonsdottir, Ingileif, Nilsson, Björn, Stefansson, KariContributors: “...1 deCODE Genet Amgen Inc, Reykjavik, Iceland 2 Hematol & Transfus Med, Dept Lab Med, Lund, Sweden...”
Published in Nature Genetics (2017)
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955by Asgeirsson, H, Gudlaugsson, O, Kristinsson, K G, Heiddal, S, Kristjansson, MContributors: “... of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland....”
Published in Clinical Microbiology and Infection (2011)
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956by Stefansdottir, Hrafnhildur, Aspelund, Thor, Gudnason, Vilmundur, Arnar, David OContributors: “... Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland....”
Published in EP Europace (2012)
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957by Gizurarson, Sveinbjörn, Björnsdóttir, Linda Rós, Einarsdóttir, Rannveig, Halldórsson, Matthías, Andersen, KarlContributors: “...Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Science, University of Iceland, Hofsvallagata...”
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Public Health (2013)
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958Linking warming effects on phenology, demography, and range expansion in a migratory bird populationby Alves, Jose, Gunnarsson, Tomas Gretar, Sutherland, William J., Potts, Peter M., Gill, J. A.Contributors: “...Research Centre in South Iceland (UI)...”
Published in Ecology and Evolution (2019)
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959by Bergmann, Ottar M, Kristjansson, Gudjon, Jonasson, Jon G, Björnsson, Einar SContributors: “... University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland....”
Published in Digestive Diseases and Sciences (2013)
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960by Torfadottir, Johanna E, Valdimarsdottir, Unnur A, Mucci, Lorelei, Stampfer, Meir, Kasperzyk, Julie L, Fall, Katja, Tryggvadottir, Laufey, Aspelund, Thor, Olafsson, Orn, Harris, Tamara B, Jonsson, Eirikur, Tulinius, Hrafn, Adami, Hans-Olov, Gudnason, Vilmundur, Steingrimsdottir, LaufeyContributors: “...Centre of Public Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Stapi v/Hringbraut 101, Reykjavik, Iceland....”
Published in Cancer Causes & Control (2013)
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