Iceland
![Norsemen landing in Iceland – a 19th-century depiction by [[Oscar Wergeland](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/Norsemen_Landing_in_Iceland.jpg)
Located on a rift between tectonic plates, Iceland's geologic activity includes geysers and frequent volcanic eruptions. The interior consists of a volcanic plateau characterised by sand and lava fields, mountains, and glaciers, and many glacial rivers flow to the sea through the lowlands. Iceland is warmed by the Gulf Stream and has a temperate climate, despite a latitude just south of the Arctic Circle. Its high latitude and marine influence keep summers chilly, and most of its islands have a polar climate.
According to the ancient manuscript , the settlement of Iceland began in 874 AD when the Norwegian chieftain Ingólfr Arnarson became the first permanent settler on the island. In the following centuries, Norwegians, and to a lesser extent other Scandinavians, immigrated to Iceland, bringing with them thralls (i.e., slaves or serfs) of Gaelic origin.
The island was governed as an independent commonwealth under the native parliament, the Althing, one of the world's oldest functioning legislative assemblies. Following a period of civil strife, Iceland acceded to Norwegian rule in the 13th century. In 1397, Iceland followed Norway's integration into the Kalmar Union along with the kingdoms of Denmark and Sweden, coming under ''de facto'' Danish rule following its dissolution in 1523. The Danish kingdom introduced Lutheranism by force in 1550, and Iceland was formally ceded to Denmark in 1814 by the Treaty of Kiel.
Influenced by ideals of nationalism after the French Revolution, Iceland's struggle for independence took form and culminated in the Danish–Icelandic Act of Union in 1918, with the establishment of the Kingdom of Iceland, sharing through a personal union the incumbent monarch of Denmark. During the occupation of Denmark in World War II, Iceland voted overwhelmingly to become a republic in 1944, thus ending the remaining formal ties with Denmark. Although the Althing was suspended from 1799 to 1845, the island republic nevertheless holds a claim to sustaining one of the longest-running parliaments in the world.
Until the 20th century, Iceland relied largely on subsistence fishing and agriculture. Industrialization of the fisheries and Marshall Plan aid following World War II brought prosperity, and Iceland became one of the wealthiest and most developed nations in the world. It became a part of the European Economic Area in 1994; this further diversified the economy into sectors such as finance, biotechnology, and manufacturing.
Iceland has a market economy with relatively low taxes, compared to other OECD countries, as well as the highest trade union membership in the world. It maintains a Nordic social welfare system that provides universal health care and tertiary education for its citizens. Iceland ranks highly in international comparisons of national performance, such as quality of life, education, protection of civil liberties, government transparency, and economic freedom. Iceland has the smallest population of any NATO member and is the only one with no standing army, possessing only a lightly armed coast guard. Provided by Wikipedia
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921Contributors: “...Department of Vascular Surgery, Landspitali The National University Hospital, Reykjavík, Iceland...”
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922Contributors: “...Faculty of Nursing, University of Iceland, Landspitali University Hospital, Eirbergi, Eiríksgötu...”
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923by Eddudóttir, Sigrún Dögg, Erlendsson, Egill, Gísladóttir, GuðrúnContributors: “...University of Iceland Eimskip...”
Published in Quaternary Science Reviews (2018)
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924by Gudbjornsson, B, Juliusson, U I, Gudjonsson, F VContributors: “...The Regional Hospital, Akureyri, Iceland Health Care Centre, Akureyri, Iceland. bjorngu...”
Published in Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2008)
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925by Eysteinsdottir, Tinna, Thorsdottir, Inga, Gunnarsdottir, Ingibjorg, Steingrimsdottir, LaufeyContributors: “...Unit for Nutrition Research, University of Iceland and Landspitali National-University Hospital...”
Published in Nutrition Journal (2012)
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926by Bjarnarson, Stefania P, Adarna, Brenda C, Benonisson, Hreinn, Del Giudice, Giuseppe, Jonsdottir, IngileifContributors: “...Department of Immunology, Landspitali, The National University Hospital of Iceland, Hringbraut, 101...”
Published in The Journal of Immunology (2012)
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927by Sigurdardottir, Sigurveig H, Juliusdottir, Sigrun, Karlsson, ThorlakurContributors: “...The University of Iceland Assistant Fund...”
Published in Journal of Social Work (2020)
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928by Gottfredsson, Magnus, Reynisson, Ingi K, Ingvarsson, Ragnar F, Kristjansdottir, Hafrun, Nardini, Martina V, Sigurdsson, Jon F, Schneerson, Rachel, Robbins, John B, Miller, Mark AContributors: “...Department of Medicine, Landspitali The National University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland...”
Published in Clinical Infectious Diseases (2011)
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929by Skuladottir, Gudrun V, Heidarsdottir, Ragnhildur, Arnar, David O, Torfason, Bjarni, Edvardsson, Vidar, Gottskalksson, Gizur, Palsson, Runolfur, Indridason, Olafur SContributors: “...Department of Physiology, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland...”
Published in European Journal of Clinical Investigation (2012)
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930by Olafsdottir, Linda Bjork, Gudjonsson, Hallgrímur, Jonsdottir, Heidur Hrund, Jonsson, Jon Steinar, Bjornsson, Einar, Thjodleifsson, BjarniContributors: “...Department of Gastroenterology, Landspitali, Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Hringbraut...”
Published in World Journal of Gastroenterology (2013)
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931by Sigmundsdottir, G, Gudnason, T, Olafsson, O, Baldvinsdottir, Ge, Atladottir, A, Love, A, Danon, L, Briem, HContributors: “...Centre for Health Security and Communicable Disease Control, Directorate of Health in Iceland...”
Published 2010
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932Contributors: “...Faculty of Nursing, University of Iceland, Landspitali-University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland...”
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933by Arnardottir, Hildur H, Freysdottir, Jona, Hardardottir, IngibjorgContributors: “...Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Iceland, Vatnsmyrarvegur 16, IS-101...”
Published in Inflammation Research (2013)
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934by Arnardottir, Erna S, Maislin, Greg, Schwab, Richard J, Staley, Bethany, Benediktsdottir, Bryndis, Olafsson, Isleifur, Juliusson, Sigurdur, Romer, Micah, Gislason, Thorarinn, Pack, Allan IContributors: “... of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland....”
Published in SLEEP (2012)
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935by Olafsdottir, AS, Wagner, KH, Thorsdottir, I, Elmadfa, IContributors: “...Unit for Nutrition Research, Landspitali-University Hospital, University of Iceland, IS-101...”
Published in Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism (2008)
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936by Magnadottir, Bergljot, Audunsdottir, Sigridur S, Bragason, Birkir Th, Gisladottir, Berglind, Jonsson, Zophonias O, Gudmundsdottir, SigridurContributors: “...Institute for Experimental Pathology, University of Iceland, Keldur v. Vesturlandsveg, 112...”
Published in Fish & Shellfish Immunology (2011)
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937by Sigmundsson, Freysteinn, Hooper, Andrew, Hreinsdottir, Sigrun, Vogfjord, Kristin S., Ofeigsson, Benedikt G., Heimisson, Elias Rafn, Dumont, Stephanie, Parks, Michelle, Spaans, Karsten, Gudmundsson, Gunnar B., Drouin, Vincent, Arnadottir, Thora, Jonsdottir, Kristin, Gudmundsson, Magnus T., Hognadottir, Thordis, Fridriksdottir, Hildur Maria, Hensch, Martin, Einarsson, Pall, Magnusson, Eyjolfur, Samsonov, Sergey, Brandsdottir, Bryndis, White, Robert S., Agustsdottir, Thorbjoerg, Greenfield, Tim, Green, Robert G., Hjartardottir, Asta Rut, Pedersen, Rikke, Bennett, Richard A., Geirsson, Halldor, La Femina, Peter C., Bjornsson, Helgi, Palsson, Finnur, Sturkell, Erik, Bean, Christopher J., Mollhoff, Martin, Braiden, Aoife K., Eibl, Eva P. S.Contributors: “...Nordic Volcanological Center, Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, IS-101...”
Published in Nature (2015)
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938by Guðbrandsson, Jóhannes, Franzdóttir, Sigríður Rut, Kristjánsson, Bjarni Kristófer, Ahi, Ehsan Pashay, Maier, Valerie Helene, Kapralova, Kalina Hristova, Snorrason, Sigurður Sveinn, Jónsson, Zophonías Oddur, Pálsson, ArnarContributors: “...The University of Iceland Doctoral Fund...”
Published in PeerJ (2018)
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939by Olafsdottir, Elinborg J, Borg, Ake, Jensen, Maj-Britt, Gerdes, Anne-Marie, Johansson, Anna L V, Barkardottir, Rosa B, Johannsson, Oskar T, Ejlertsen, Bent, Sønderstrup, Ida Marie Heeholm, Hovig, Eivind, Lænkholm, Anne-Vibeke, Hansen, Thomas van Overeem, Olafsdottir, Gudridur H, Rossing, Maria, Jonasson, Jon G, Sigurdsson, Stefan, Loman, Niklas, Nilsson, Martin P, Narod, Steven A, Tryggvadottir, LaufeyContributors: “...1Icelandic Cancer Registry, Icelandic Cancer Society, Reykjavik, Iceland. 2Division of Oncology...”
Published in British Journal of Cancer (2020)
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940by Thordardottir, Edda Bjork, Valdimarsdottir, Unnur Anna, Hansdottir, Ingunn, Resnick, Heidi, Shipherd, Jillian C, Gudmundsdottir, BerglindContributors: “...1 Univ Iceland, Ctr Publ Hlth Sci, Fac Med, Sch Hlth Sci, IS-101 Reykjavik, Iceland 2 Univ Iceland...”
Published in Journal of Anxiety Disorders (2015)
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