Iceland
![Norsemen landing in Iceland – a 19th-century depiction by [[Oscar Wergeland](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/Norsemen_Landing_in_Iceland.jpg)
Located on a rift between tectonic plates, Iceland's geologic activity includes geysers and frequent volcanic eruptions. The interior consists of a volcanic plateau characterised by sand and lava fields, mountains, and glaciers, and many glacial rivers flow to the sea through the lowlands. Iceland is warmed by the Gulf Stream and has a temperate climate, despite a latitude just south of the Arctic Circle. Its high latitude and marine influence keep summers chilly, and most of its islands have a polar climate.
According to the ancient manuscript , the settlement of Iceland began in 874 AD when the Norwegian chieftain Ingólfr Arnarson became the first permanent settler on the island. In the following centuries, Norwegians, and to a lesser extent other Scandinavians, immigrated to Iceland, bringing with them thralls (i.e., slaves or serfs) of Gaelic origin.
The island was governed as an independent commonwealth under the native parliament, the Althing, one of the world's oldest functioning legislative assemblies. Following a period of civil strife, Iceland acceded to Norwegian rule in the 13th century. In 1397, Iceland followed Norway's integration into the Kalmar Union along with the kingdoms of Denmark and Sweden, coming under ''de facto'' Danish rule following its dissolution in 1523. The Danish kingdom introduced Lutheranism by force in 1550, and Iceland was formally ceded to Denmark in 1814 by the Treaty of Kiel.
Influenced by ideals of nationalism after the French Revolution, Iceland's struggle for independence took form and culminated in the Danish–Icelandic Act of Union in 1918, with the establishment of the Kingdom of Iceland, sharing through a personal union the incumbent monarch of Denmark. During the occupation of Denmark in World War II, Iceland voted overwhelmingly to become a republic in 1944, thus ending the remaining formal ties with Denmark. Although the Althing was suspended from 1799 to 1845, the island republic nevertheless holds a claim to sustaining one of the longest-running parliaments in the world.
Until the 20th century, Iceland relied largely on subsistence fishing and agriculture. Industrialization of the fisheries and Marshall Plan aid following World War II brought prosperity, and Iceland became one of the wealthiest and most developed nations in the world. It became a part of the European Economic Area in 1994; this further diversified the economy into sectors such as finance, biotechnology, and manufacturing.
Iceland has a market economy with relatively low taxes, compared to other OECD countries, as well as the highest trade union membership in the world. It maintains a Nordic social welfare system that provides universal health care and tertiary education for its citizens. Iceland ranks highly in international comparisons of national performance, such as quality of life, education, protection of civil liberties, government transparency, and economic freedom. Iceland has the smallest population of any NATO member and is the only one with no standing army, possessing only a lightly armed coast guard. Provided by Wikipedia
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901by Priet‐Mahéo, M. C., Ramón, C. L., Rueda, F. J., Andradóttir, H. Ó.Contributors: “...Energy Fund of the National Power Company of Iceland...”
Published in Limnology and Oceanography (2018)
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902by Thorsson, Bolli, Eiriksdottir, Gudny, Sigurdsson, Sigurdur, Gudmundsson, Elias Freyr, Bots, Michael L, Aspelund, Thor, Arntzen, Kjell Arne, Mathiesen, Ellisiv B, Gudnason, VilmundurContributors: “...1 Iceland Heart Assoc Res Inst, Kopavogur, Iceland Show more 2 Landspitali Univ Hosp, Reykjavik...”
Published in BMJ Open (2018)
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903by Jonsdottir, Olof H, Kleinman, Ronald E, Wells, Jonathan C, Fewtrell, Mary S, Hibberd, Patricia L, Gunnlaugsson, Geir, Thorsdottir, IngaContributors: “...Landspitali, Unit Nutr Res, Reykjavik, Iceland, Univ Iceland, Sch Hlth Sci, Fac Food Sci & Nutr...”
Published in Acta Paediatrica (2014)
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904by Muankaew, Chutimon, Jansook, Phatsawee, Stefánsson, Einar, Loftsson, ThorsteinnContributors: “...1Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Iceland, Hofsvallagata 53, IS-107 Reykjavik...”
Published in International Journal of Pharmaceutics (2015)
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905by Bjarnason, Agnar, Westin, Johan, Lindh, Magnus, Andersson, Lars-Magnus, Kristinsson, Karl G, Löve, Arthur, Baldursson, Olafur, Gottfredsson, MagnusContributors: “...1 Univ Iceland, Fac Med, Reykjavik, Iceland Show more 2 Sahlgrens Univ Hosp, Dept Infect Dis...”
Published in Open Forum Infectious Diseases (2018)
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906by Davíðsdóttir, Brynja, Gunnarsson, Tomas Gretar, Halldórsson, Guðmundur, Sigurdsson, Bjarni D.Contributors: “...Research Centre in South Iceland (UI)...”
Published in Icelandic Agricultural Sciences (2016)
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907by Eriksen, Bjørn O, Schaeffner, Elke, Melsom, Toralf, Ebert, Natalie, van der Giet, Markus, Gudnason, Vilmundur, Indridasson, Olafur S, Karger, Amy B, Levey, Andrew S, Schuchardt, Mirjam, Sørensen, Liv K, Palsson, RunolfurContributors: “..., Berlin, Germany. 5Icelandic Heart Association, Reykjavik, Iceland; University of Iceland, Reykjavik...”
Published in American Journal of Kidney Diseases (2020)
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908by Vinayaga-Pavan, Mathena, Frampton, Matthew, Pontikos, Nikolas, Levine, Adam P, Smith, Phillip J, Jonasson, Jon G, Björnsson, Einar S, Segal, Anthony W, Smith, Andrew MContributors: “..., Landspitali University Hospital Reykjavik, Iceland. 5 Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik...”
Published in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (2019)
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909by Oskarsdottir, G N, Halldorsson, H, Sigurdsson, M I, Fridriksson, B M, Baldvinsson, K, Orrason, A W, Jonsson, S, Planck, M, Gudbjartsson, TContributors: “...1 Landspitali Univ Hosp, Dept Cardiothorac Surg, Reykjavik, Iceland Show the Organization-Enhanced...”
Published in Acta Oncologica (2017)
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910by Baldvinsson, Kristjan, Oskarsdottir, Gudrun Nina, Orrason, Andri Wilberg, Halldorsson, Hannes, Thorsteinsson, Hunbogi, Sigurdsson, Martin Ingi, Jonsson, Steinn, Gudbjartsson, TomasContributors: “...1 Landspitali Univ Hosp, Dept Cardiothorac Surg, Reykjavik, Iceland Show the Organization-Enhanced...”
Published in Interactive CardioVascular and Thoracic Surgery (2017)
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911Contributors: “...1 Univ Iceland, Fac Med, Reykjavik, Iceland 2 Natl Univ Hosp Iceland, Dept Internal Med, Div...”
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912by Arnardottir, Erna S, Isleifsson, Bardur, Agustsson, Jon S, Sigurdsson, Gunnar A, Sigurgunnarsdottir, Magdalena O, Sigurđarson, Gudjon T, Saevarsson, Gudmundur, Sveinbjarnarson, Atli T, Hoskuldsson, Sveinbjorn, Gislason, ThorarinnContributors: “...1 Landspitali, Dept Resp Med & Sleep, IS-108 Reykjavik, Iceland 2 Univ Iceland, Fac Med, Reykjavik...”
Published in Journal of Sleep Research (2016)
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913by Kowsari, Milad, Halldorsson, Benedikt, Snæbjörnsson, Jónas, Jonsson, SigurjonContributors: “... & Earthquake Engineering Research Centre, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland...”
Published in Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering (2021)
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914by Semba, Richard D, Cotch, Mary Frances, Gudnason, Vilmundur, Eiríksdottir, Gudny, Harris, Tamara B, Sun, Kai, Klein, Ronald, Jonasson, Fridbert, Ferrucci, Luigi, Schaumberg, Debra AContributors: “..., Reykjavik, Iceland4Department of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland. 4Icelandic Heart...”
Published in JAMA Ophthalmology (2014)
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915by Hjartardóttir, Hulda, Lund, Sigrún H, Benediktsdóttir, Sigurlaug, Geirsson, Reynir T, Eggebø, Torbjørn MContributors: “...1Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavík, Iceland (Drs...”
Published in American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology MFM (2022)
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916by Swift, Emma Marie, Gottfredsdottir, Helga, Zoega, Helga, Gross, Mechthild M, Stoll, KathrinContributors: “...1 Univ Iceland, Dept Nursing, IS-101 Reykjavik, Iceland Show the Organization-Enhanced name(s) 2...”
Published in Sexual & Reproductive Healthcare (2017)
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917by Zoëga, Helga, Baldursson, Gisli, Hrafnkelsson, Birgir, Almarsdottir, Anna Birna, Valdimarsdottir, Unnur, Halldorsson, MatthiasContributors: “...Centre of Public Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland. hez2@hi.is...”
Published in Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology (2010)
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918by Torsdottir, Gudlaug, Gudmundsson, Gretar, Kristinsson, Jakob, Snaedal, Jon, Johannesson, TorkellContributors: “..., University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland;...”
Published 2009
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919by Thorlacius, Sigurdur, Stefansson, Sigurjon B, Olafsson, Stefan, Tomasson, KristinnContributors: “...Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland...”
Published in Journal of Mental Health (2011)
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920by Aspelund, Thor, Gudnason, Vilmundur, Magnusdottir, Bergrun Tinna, Andersen, Karl, Sigurdsson, Gunnar, Thorsson, Bolli, Steingrimsdottir, Laufey, Critchley, Julia, Bennett, Kathleen, O'Flaherty, Martin, Capewell, SimonContributors: “...Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland. Landspitali National University Hospital...”
Published in PLoS ONE (2012)
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