Iceland
![Norsemen landing in Iceland – a 19th-century depiction by [[Oscar Wergeland](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/Norsemen_Landing_in_Iceland.jpg)
Located on a rift between tectonic plates, Iceland's geologic activity includes geysers and frequent volcanic eruptions. The interior consists of a volcanic plateau characterised by sand and lava fields, mountains, and glaciers, and many glacial rivers flow to the sea through the lowlands. Iceland is warmed by the Gulf Stream and has a temperate climate, despite a latitude just south of the Arctic Circle. Its high latitude and marine influence keep summers chilly, and most of its islands have a polar climate.
According to the ancient manuscript , the settlement of Iceland began in 874 AD when the Norwegian chieftain Ingólfr Arnarson became the first permanent settler on the island. In the following centuries, Norwegians, and to a lesser extent other Scandinavians, immigrated to Iceland, bringing with them thralls (i.e., slaves or serfs) of Gaelic origin.
The island was governed as an independent commonwealth under the native parliament, the Althing, one of the world's oldest functioning legislative assemblies. Following a period of civil strife, Iceland acceded to Norwegian rule in the 13th century. In 1397, Iceland followed Norway's integration into the Kalmar Union along with the kingdoms of Denmark and Sweden, coming under ''de facto'' Danish rule following its dissolution in 1523. The Danish kingdom introduced Lutheranism by force in 1550, and Iceland was formally ceded to Denmark in 1814 by the Treaty of Kiel.
Influenced by ideals of nationalism after the French Revolution, Iceland's struggle for independence took form and culminated in the Danish–Icelandic Act of Union in 1918, with the establishment of the Kingdom of Iceland, sharing through a personal union the incumbent monarch of Denmark. During the occupation of Denmark in World War II, Iceland voted overwhelmingly to become a republic in 1944, thus ending the remaining formal ties with Denmark. Although the Althing was suspended from 1799 to 1845, the island republic nevertheless holds a claim to sustaining one of the longest-running parliaments in the world.
Until the 20th century, Iceland relied largely on subsistence fishing and agriculture. Industrialization of the fisheries and Marshall Plan aid following World War II brought prosperity, and Iceland became one of the wealthiest and most developed nations in the world. It became a part of the European Economic Area in 1994; this further diversified the economy into sectors such as finance, biotechnology, and manufacturing.
Iceland has a market economy with relatively low taxes, compared to other OECD countries, as well as the highest trade union membership in the world. It maintains a Nordic social welfare system that provides universal health care and tertiary education for its citizens. Iceland ranks highly in international comparisons of national performance, such as quality of life, education, protection of civil liberties, government transparency, and economic freedom. Iceland has the smallest population of any NATO member and is the only one with no standing army, possessing only a lightly armed coast guard. Provided by Wikipedia
-
881by Elidottir, Anita S, Halldorsson, Thorhallur I, Gunnarsdottir, Ingibjörg, Ramel, AlfonsContributors: “...1Unit for Nutrition Research, Landspitali-The National University Hospital of Iceland and Faculty...”
Published in PLOS ONE (2016)
Get access
Get access
Article in Journal/Newspaper -
882by Xu, Liyue, Keenan, Brendan T, Wiemken, Andrew S, Chi, Luqi, Staley, Bethany, Wang, Zhifang, Wang, Jianjun, Benedikstdottir, Bryndis, Juliusson, Sigurdur, Pack, Allan I, Gislason, Thorarinn, Schwab, Richard JContributors: “.... 6Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland. 7ENT...”
Published in Sleep (2020)
Get access
Get access
Article in Journal/Newspaper -
883by Clausen, Michael, Kristjansson, Sigurdur, Haraldsson, Asgeir, Björkstén, BengtContributors: “...Children's Hospital Iceland, Landspitali-University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland. mc@landspitali.is...”
Published in Acta Paediatrica (2008)
Get access
Get access
Article in Journal/Newspaper -
884by Gunnarsdottir, I, Gustavsdottir, AG, Thorsdottir, IContributors: “...Unit for Nutrition Research at the University of Iceland and Landspitali University Hospital...”
Published in Food & Nutrition Research (2009)
Get access
Get access
Article in Journal/Newspaper -
885by Franklin, Jonas, Ingvarsson, Thorvaldur, Englund, Martin, Ingimarsson, Olafur, Robertsson, Otto, Lohmander, L StefanContributors: “...Landspitali The National University Hospital, Reykjavík, Iceland. University Hospital, Akureyri...”
Published in Arthritis Care & Research (2012)
Get access
Get access
Article in Journal/Newspaper -
886by Guðrún Árnadóttir, Friðrik H. Jónsson, Valgerður Sigurðardóttir, Bovbjerg, Dana, Heiðdís B. ValdimarsdóttirContributors: “...Department of Sociology, University of Iceland, Odda, 101 Reykjavík, Iceland. gudruarn@hi.is....”
Published 2008
Get access
Article in Journal/Newspaper -
887by Arason, Vilhjalmur A, Sigurdsson, Johann A, Kristinsson, Karl G, Gudmundsson, SigurdurContributors: “...Department of Family Medicine, Univeristy of Iceland, Solvangur, Hafnarfjordur, Iceland. vaa...”
Published 2008
Get access
Get access
Article in Journal/Newspaper -
888by Sigurdardottir, B, Bjornsson, O M, Jonsdottir, K E, Erlendsdottir, H, Gudmundsson, SContributors: “...University of Iceland Medical School, Landspitalinn (National University Hospital), Reykjavík...”
Published in Archives of Internal Medicine (2010)
Get access
Get access
Article in Journal/Newspaper -
889by Arason, V A, Kristinsson, K G, Sigurdsson, J A, Stefansdottir, G, Mölstad, S, Gudmundsson, SContributors: “...Department of Family Medicine, Sólvangur Health Centre, University of Iceland, Hafnarfjördur...”
Published 2010
Get access
Article in Journal/Newspaper -
890by Geirsdottir, O G, Arnarson, A, Briem, K, Ramel, A, Tomasson, K, Jonsson, P V, Thorsdottir, IContributors: “...Unit for Nutrition Research, Landspitali The National University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavik...”
Published 2012
Get access
Article in Journal/Newspaper -
891by Jonsdottir, H, Jonsdottir, G, Steingrimsdottir, E, Tryggvadottir, BContributors: “...University of Iceland, and Project Manager, University Hospital-Vífilsstadir, Iceland. helgaj@hi.is...”
Published in Journal of Advanced Nursing (2001)
Get access
Get access
Article in Journal/Newspaper -
892by Gudmundsson, J, Johannesdottir, G, Arason, A, Bergthorsson, J T, Ingvarsson, S, Egilsson, V, Barkardottir, R BContributors: “...Department of Pathology, Division of Cell Biology, University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavik...”
Published 2010
Get access
Article in Journal/Newspaper -
893by Eysteinsdottir, T, Gunnarsdottir, I, Thorsdottir, I, Harris, T, Launer, L J, Gudnason, V, Steingrimsdottir, LContributors: “...Unit for Nutrition Research, University of Iceland and Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavik...”
Published 2012
Get access
Article in Journal/Newspaper -
894by Johannsdottir, Gudrun Arna, Onundarson, Pall T, Gudmundsdottir, Brynja R, Bjornsson, Einar StefanContributors: “...Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iceland School of Health Sciences, Reykjavik Iceland....”
Published in Thrombosis Research (2013)
Get access
Get access
Article in Journal/Newspaper -
895by Palsdottir, Astridur, Helgason, Agnar, Palsson, Snaebjorn, Bjornsson, Hans Tomas, Bragason, Birkir Thor, Gretarsdottir, Solveig, Thorsteinsdottir, Unnur, Olafsson, Elias, Stefansson, KariContributors: “...Institute for Experimental Pathology, University of Iceland, Keldur, Reykjavik, Iceland. astripal...”
Published in PLoS Genetics (2008)
Get access
Get access
Article in Journal/Newspaper -
896by Bjornsdottir, L T, Geirsson, R T, Jonsson, P VContributors: “...University of Iceland, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National University Hospital...”
Published in Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica (2009)
Get access
Get access
Article in Journal/Newspaper -
897by Gylfason, Jon Torfi, Kristjansson, Kristjan Andri, Sverrisdottir, Gudlaug, Jonsdottir, Kristin, Rafnsson, Vilhjalmur, Geirsson, Reynir TomasContributors: “...Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Landspitali University Hospital/University of Iceland...”
Published in American Journal of Epidemiology (2010)
Get access
Get access
Article in Journal/Newspaper -
898by Karl SkírnissonContributors: “...Laboratory of Pathology, University of Iceland, Keldum, 112 Reykjavík, Iceland. karlsk@hi.is....”
Published 2008
Get access
Article in Journal/Newspaper -
899Contributors: “...Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland. vilraf@rahi.hi.is...”
Get access
Article in Journal/Newspaper -
900by Bragadóttir, Helga, Kalisch, Beatrice J., Flygenring, Birna G., Tryggvadóttir, Gudný BergthóraContributors: “...University of Iceland Research Fund...”
Published in SAGE Open Nursing (2023)
Get access
Get access
Get access
Article in Journal/Newspaper