Iceland
![Norsemen landing in Iceland – a 19th-century depiction by [[Oscar Wergeland](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/Norsemen_Landing_in_Iceland.jpg)
Located on a rift between tectonic plates, Iceland's geologic activity includes geysers and frequent volcanic eruptions. The interior consists of a volcanic plateau characterised by sand and lava fields, mountains, and glaciers, and many glacial rivers flow to the sea through the lowlands. Iceland is warmed by the Gulf Stream and has a temperate climate, despite a latitude just south of the Arctic Circle. Its high latitude and marine influence keep summers chilly, and most of its islands have a polar climate.
According to the ancient manuscript , the settlement of Iceland began in 874 AD when the Norwegian chieftain Ingólfr Arnarson became the first permanent settler on the island. In the following centuries, Norwegians, and to a lesser extent other Scandinavians, immigrated to Iceland, bringing with them thralls (i.e., slaves or serfs) of Gaelic origin.
The island was governed as an independent commonwealth under the native parliament, the Althing, one of the world's oldest functioning legislative assemblies. Following a period of civil strife, Iceland acceded to Norwegian rule in the 13th century. In 1397, Iceland followed Norway's integration into the Kalmar Union along with the kingdoms of Denmark and Sweden, coming under ''de facto'' Danish rule following its dissolution in 1523. The Danish kingdom introduced Lutheranism by force in 1550, and Iceland was formally ceded to Denmark in 1814 by the Treaty of Kiel.
Influenced by ideals of nationalism after the French Revolution, Iceland's struggle for independence took form and culminated in the Danish–Icelandic Act of Union in 1918, with the establishment of the Kingdom of Iceland, sharing through a personal union the incumbent monarch of Denmark. During the occupation of Denmark in World War II, Iceland voted overwhelmingly to become a republic in 1944, thus ending the remaining formal ties with Denmark. Although the Althing was suspended from 1799 to 1845, the island republic nevertheless holds a claim to sustaining one of the longest-running parliaments in the world.
Until the 20th century, Iceland relied largely on subsistence fishing and agriculture. Industrialization of the fisheries and Marshall Plan aid following World War II brought prosperity, and Iceland became one of the wealthiest and most developed nations in the world. It became a part of the European Economic Area in 1994; this further diversified the economy into sectors such as finance, biotechnology, and manufacturing.
Iceland has a market economy with relatively low taxes, compared to other OECD countries, as well as the highest trade union membership in the world. It maintains a Nordic social welfare system that provides universal health care and tertiary education for its citizens. Iceland ranks highly in international comparisons of national performance, such as quality of life, education, protection of civil liberties, government transparency, and economic freedom. Iceland has the smallest population of any NATO member and is the only one with no standing army, possessing only a lightly armed coast guard. Provided by Wikipedia
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801by Sigurdsson, Samuel, Eythorsson, Elias, Hrafnkelsson, Birgir, Erlendsdóttir, Helga, Kristinsson, Karl G, Haraldsson, ÁsgeirContributors: “...1 Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland. 2 Department of Mathematics, University of Iceland. 3...”
Published in Clinical Infectious Diseases (2018)
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802by Rahpeyma, Sahar, Halldorsson, Benedikt, Hrafnkelsson, Birgir, Jonsson, SigurjonContributors: “... of Engineering and Natural Sciences; University of Iceland; Selfoss Iceland...”
Published in Environmetrics (2018)
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803by Kowsari, Milad, Halldorsson, Benedikt, Hrafnkelsson, Birgir, Jonsson, SigurjonContributors: “... of Engineering and Natural Sciences, University of Iceland, Selfoss, , Iceland...”
Published in Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering (2018)
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804by Bernhardsdóttir, J, Vilhjálmsson, RContributors: “...Univ Iceland, Fac Nursing, Eirberg, IS-101 Reykjavik, Iceland...”
Published in Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing (2013)
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805by Svavarsdottir, Erla K, Burkhart, Patricia V, Rayens, Mary K, Orlygsdottir, Brynja, Oakley, Marsha GContributors: “...Faculty of Nursing, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland. eks@hi.is...”
Published in Journal of Clinical Nursing (2012)
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806by Imsland, Albert Kjartansson, Eldon, Bjarki Jonsson, Arinbjarnarson, Sturla, Magnusson, JonasContributors: “...Iceland Genomics Corporation, Snorrabraut 60, 105 Reykjavík, Iceland....”
Published in Gastric Cancer (2008)
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807by Skulason, Bragi, Jonsdottir, Lilja Sigrun, Sigurdardottir, Valgerdur, Helgason, Asgeir RContributors: “...Landspitali The National University Hospital, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland....”
Published in BMC Public Health (2012)
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808by Alexiusdottir, Kristin K, Möller, Pall Helgi, Snaebjornsson, Petur, Jonasson, Larus, Olafsdottir, Elinborg J, Björnsson, Einar Stefan, Tryggvadottir, Laufey, Jonasson, Jon GContributors: “...Landspitali University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Iceland....”
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology (2012)
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809by Barkardottir, RB, Sarantaus, L, Arason, A, Vehmanen, P, Bendahl, PO, Kainu, T, Syrjäkoski, K, Krahe, R, Huusko, P, Pyrhönen, S, Holli, K, Kallioniemi, OP, Egilsson, V, Kere, J, Nevanlinna, HContributors: “...Department of Pathology, University Hospital of Iceland, Iceland. rosa@landspitali.is...”
Published in European Journal of Human Genetics (2008)
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810by Halldorsson, Jonas G, Flekkoy, Kjell M, Arnkelsson, Gudmundur B, Tomasson, Kristinn, Magnadottir, Hulda Bra, Arnarson, Eirikur OrnContributors: “...Landspitali The National University Hospital, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland...”
Published in Brain Injury (2012)
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811Contributors: “...Landspitali The National University Hospital, Reykjavík, Iceland. University of Iceland....”
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812by Sigurður Ragnarsson, Martin Ingi Sigurðsson, Ragnar Danielsen, Þórarinn Arnórsson, Tómas GuðbjartssonContributors: “...Landspitali The National University Hospital, Reykjavík, Iceland. University of Iceland....”
Published 2012
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813by Stephensen, Sigurdur Sverrir, Sigfusson, Gunnlaugur, Eiriksson, Herbert, Sverrisson, Jon Thor, Torfason, Bjarni, Haraldsson, Asgeir, Helgason, HrodmarContributors: “...Children's Hospital, University Hospital of Iceland, Hringbraut, Reykjavik, Iceland....”
Published in Cardiology in the Young (2008)
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814by Caracciolo, Alberto, Bali, Enikő, Guðfinnsson, Guðmundur H., Kahl, Maren, Halldórsson, Sæmundur A., Hartley, Margaret E., Gunnarsson, HaraldurContributors: “...University of Iceland...”
Published in Lithos (2020)
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815by Andersen, Karl, Johannesdottir, Bergros Kristin, Kristjansson, Jon M, Gudnason, ThorarinnContributors: “...University of Iceland, Faculty of Medicine, Reykjavik, Iceland. andersen@lsh.is...”
Published 2011
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816by Baldur Þórólfsson, Fríða Rún Þórðardóttir, Gunnar Þór Gunnarsson, Axel F. SigurðssonContributors: “...Landspitali The National University Hospital, Reykjavík, Iceland. University of Iceland....”
Published 2012
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817by Svavarsdottir, Erla Kolbrun, Orlygsdottir, BrynjaContributors: “...Faculty of Nursing, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland. eks@hi.is...”
Published in Journal of Advanced Nursing (2009)
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818by Jonsson, J S, Sigurdsson, J A, Kristinsson, K G, Gudnadottir, M, Magnusson, SContributors: “...Gardabaer Community Health Centre, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland....”
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Primary Health Care (2010)
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819by Sigurdsson, G, Magnusdottir, D N, Kristinsson, J O, Kristjansson, K, Olafsson, IContributors: “...Department of Internal Medicine, Reykjavik Hospital, University of Iceland, Iceland....”
Published in Journal of Internal Medicine (2010)
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820by Gudmundsdottir, Edda Y, Gunnarsdottir, Ingibjorg, Thorlacius, Arngrimur, Reykdal, Olafur, Gunnlaugsdottir, Helga, Thorsdottir, Inga, Steingrimsdottir, LaufeyContributors: “...Faculty of Food Science & Nutrition, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland....”
Published in Food & Nutrition Research (2013)
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