Iceland
![Norsemen landing in Iceland – a 19th-century depiction by [[Oscar Wergeland](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/Norsemen_Landing_in_Iceland.jpg)
Located on a rift between tectonic plates, Iceland's geologic activity includes geysers and frequent volcanic eruptions. The interior consists of a volcanic plateau characterised by sand and lava fields, mountains, and glaciers, and many glacial rivers flow to the sea through the lowlands. Iceland is warmed by the Gulf Stream and has a temperate climate, despite a latitude just south of the Arctic Circle. Its high latitude and marine influence keep summers chilly, and most of its islands have a polar climate.
According to the ancient manuscript , the settlement of Iceland began in 874 AD when the Norwegian chieftain Ingólfr Arnarson became the first permanent settler on the island. In the following centuries, Norwegians, and to a lesser extent other Scandinavians, immigrated to Iceland, bringing with them thralls (i.e., slaves or serfs) of Gaelic origin.
The island was governed as an independent commonwealth under the native parliament, the Althing, one of the world's oldest functioning legislative assemblies. Following a period of civil strife, Iceland acceded to Norwegian rule in the 13th century. In 1397, Iceland followed Norway's integration into the Kalmar Union along with the kingdoms of Denmark and Sweden, coming under ''de facto'' Danish rule following its dissolution in 1523. The Danish kingdom introduced Lutheranism by force in 1550, and Iceland was formally ceded to Denmark in 1814 by the Treaty of Kiel.
Influenced by ideals of nationalism after the French Revolution, Iceland's struggle for independence took form and culminated in the Danish–Icelandic Act of Union in 1918, with the establishment of the Kingdom of Iceland, sharing through a personal union the incumbent monarch of Denmark. During the occupation of Denmark in World War II, Iceland voted overwhelmingly to become a republic in 1944, thus ending the remaining formal ties with Denmark. Although the Althing was suspended from 1799 to 1845, the island republic nevertheless holds a claim to sustaining one of the longest-running parliaments in the world.
Until the 20th century, Iceland relied largely on subsistence fishing and agriculture. Industrialization of the fisheries and Marshall Plan aid following World War II brought prosperity, and Iceland became one of the wealthiest and most developed nations in the world. It became a part of the European Economic Area in 1994; this further diversified the economy into sectors such as finance, biotechnology, and manufacturing.
Iceland has a market economy with relatively low taxes, compared to other OECD countries, as well as the highest trade union membership in the world. It maintains a Nordic social welfare system that provides universal health care and tertiary education for its citizens. Iceland ranks highly in international comparisons of national performance, such as quality of life, education, protection of civil liberties, government transparency, and economic freedom. Iceland has the smallest population of any NATO member and is the only one with no standing army, possessing only a lightly armed coast guard. Provided by Wikipedia
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781by Gudmundsson, L S, Johannsson, M, Thorgeirsson, G, Sigfusson, N, Sigvaldason, H, Witteman, J C MContributors: “...Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland....”
Published in Journal of Human Hypertension (2009)
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782by Arnarson, ÞÖ, Olason, DÞ, Smari, J, Sigurdsson, JFContributors: “...Faculty of Social Science, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland....”
Published in Nordic Journal of Psychiatry (2000)
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783Contributors: “...University of Iceland, Medical School, Reykjavík 101, Iceland....”
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784Contributors: “...Department of Orthopedics, Reykjavík Hospital, University of Iceland, Iceland....”
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785Ceruloplasmin and iron in Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease: a synopsis of recent studies.by Kristinsson, Jakob, Snaedal, Jón, Tórsdóttir, Gudlaug, Jóhannesson, TorkellContributors: “...Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland....”
Published in Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment (2013)
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786by Palsson, Olafur, Geirsdottir, Asbjorg, Hardarson, Sveinn Hakon, Olafsdottir, Olof Birna, Kristjansdottir, Jona Valgerdur, Stefánsson, EinarContributors: “...University of Iceland, National University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland....”
Published in Investigative Opthalmology & Visual Science (2013)
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787by Bergthorsson, J T, Johannsdottir, J, Jonasdottir, A, Eiriksdottir, G, Egilsson, V, Ingvarsson, S, Barkardottir, R B, Arason, AContributors: “...Department of Pathology, University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland....”
Published in European Journal of Cancer (2009)
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788Contributors: “...University of Iceland...”
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789by Kowsari, Milad, Sonnemann, Tim, Halldorsson, Benedikt, Hrafnkelsson, Birgir, Snæbjörnsson, Jónas Þ., Jónsson, SigurjónContributors: “...University of Iceland...”
Published in Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering (2020)
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790Contributors: “...University of Iceland Reykjavik...”
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791Contributors: “...University of Iceland Reykjavik...”
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792by Martin, Frida, Svansson, Vilhjálmur, Eydal, Matthías, Oddsdóttir, Charlotta, Ernback, Maja, Persson, Isa, Tydén, EvaContributors: “...The Institute for Experimental Pathology University of Iceland...”
Published in Journal of Parasitology (2021)
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793by Blischke, Anett, Stoker, Martyn S., Brandsdóttir, Bryndís, Hopper, John R., Peron-Pinvidic, Gwenn, Ólavsdóttir, Jana, Japsen, PeterContributors: “...National Energy Authority of Iceland...”
Published in Marine and Petroleum Geology (2019)
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794by Ingimarsson, Oddur, MacCabe, James H, Haraldsson, Magnús, Jónsdóttir, Halldóra, Sigurdsson, EngilbertContributors: “...1 Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland. 2...”
Published in BMC Psychiatry (2017)
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795by Hjartarson, Jón H, Hannesson, Pétur, Sverrisson, Ingvar, Blöndal, Sigurður, Ívarsson, Bjarki, Björnsson, Einar SContributors: “...1 Natl Univ Hosp Iceland, Dept Gastroenterol & Hepatol, Reykjavik, Iceland Organization-Enhanced...”
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology (2016)
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796by Ágústsson, Arnar S, Ingason, Arnar B, Rumba, Edward, Pálsson, Daníel, Reynisson, Indriði E, Hreinsson, Jóhann P, Björnsson, Einar SContributors: “...1Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland. 2Department of Gastroenterology...”
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology (2022)
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797by Gudmundsson, Bjarki, Thormar, Hans G, Sigurdsson, Albert, Dankers, Wendy, Steinarsdottir, Margret, Hermanowicz, Stefan, Sigurdsson, Stefan, Olafsson, David, Halldorsdottir, Anna M, Meyn, Stephen, Jonsson, Jon JContributors: “...1 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Iceland, Reykjavik IS-101...”
Published in Nucleic Acids Research (2019)
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798by Kristjansdottir, H L, Bodvarsdottir, S P, Sigurjonsdottir, H AContributors: “..., Landspitali University Hospital, Fossvogur, 108 Reykjavik, Iceland School of Medicine, University of Iceland...”
Published in European Journal of Endocrinology (2011)
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799Contributors: “...1 Univ Iceland, Sch Med, Reykjavik, Iceland 2 Landspitali Univ Hosp, Dept Neurol, IS-108 Reykjavik...”
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800by Björnsson, Oddur, Jónsson, Eiríkur, Guðmundsson, Eiríkur Orri, Marteinsson, Valur Þór, Nikulásson, Sigfús Þór, Guðjónsson, SigurðurContributors: “...1Department of Urology, Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland. 2Department of Surgery...”
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Urology (2021)
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