Iceland
![Norsemen landing in Iceland – a 19th-century depiction by [[Oscar Wergeland](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/Norsemen_Landing_in_Iceland.jpg)
Located on a rift between tectonic plates, Iceland's geologic activity includes geysers and frequent volcanic eruptions. The interior consists of a volcanic plateau characterised by sand and lava fields, mountains, and glaciers, and many glacial rivers flow to the sea through the lowlands. Iceland is warmed by the Gulf Stream and has a temperate climate, despite a latitude just south of the Arctic Circle. Its high latitude and marine influence keep summers chilly, and most of its islands have a polar climate.
According to the ancient manuscript , the settlement of Iceland began in 874 AD when the Norwegian chieftain Ingólfr Arnarson became the first permanent settler on the island. In the following centuries, Norwegians, and to a lesser extent other Scandinavians, immigrated to Iceland, bringing with them thralls (i.e., slaves or serfs) of Gaelic origin.
The island was governed as an independent commonwealth under the native parliament, the Althing, one of the world's oldest functioning legislative assemblies. Following a period of civil strife, Iceland acceded to Norwegian rule in the 13th century. In 1397, Iceland followed Norway's integration into the Kalmar Union along with the kingdoms of Denmark and Sweden, coming under ''de facto'' Danish rule following its dissolution in 1523. The Danish kingdom introduced Lutheranism by force in 1550, and Iceland was formally ceded to Denmark in 1814 by the Treaty of Kiel.
Influenced by ideals of nationalism after the French Revolution, Iceland's struggle for independence took form and culminated in the Danish–Icelandic Act of Union in 1918, with the establishment of the Kingdom of Iceland, sharing through a personal union the incumbent monarch of Denmark. During the occupation of Denmark in World War II, Iceland voted overwhelmingly to become a republic in 1944, thus ending the remaining formal ties with Denmark. Although the Althing was suspended from 1799 to 1845, the island republic nevertheless holds a claim to sustaining one of the longest-running parliaments in the world.
Until the 20th century, Iceland relied largely on subsistence fishing and agriculture. Industrialization of the fisheries and Marshall Plan aid following World War II brought prosperity, and Iceland became one of the wealthiest and most developed nations in the world. It became a part of the European Economic Area in 1994; this further diversified the economy into sectors such as finance, biotechnology, and manufacturing.
Iceland has a market economy with relatively low taxes, compared to other OECD countries, as well as the highest trade union membership in the world. It maintains a Nordic social welfare system that provides universal health care and tertiary education for its citizens. Iceland ranks highly in international comparisons of national performance, such as quality of life, education, protection of civil liberties, government transparency, and economic freedom. Iceland has the smallest population of any NATO member and is the only one with no standing army, possessing only a lightly armed coast guard. Provided by Wikipedia
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741by Styrkarsdottir, Unnur, Thorleifsson, Gudmar, Eiriksdottir, Berglind, Gudjonsson, Sigurjon A, Ingvarsson, Thorvaldur, Center, Jacqueline R, Nguyen, Tuan V, Eisman, John A, Christiansen, Claus, Thorsteinsdottir, Unnur, Sigurdsson, Gunnar, Stefansson, KariContributors: “...1 DeCODE Genet Amgen, IS-101 Reykjavik, Iceland 2 Res Serv Ctr, Reykjavik, Iceland 3 Akureyri Hosp...”
Published in Journal of Bone and Mineral Research (2016)
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742by Koulidobrova, Elena, Ivanova, NedelinaContributors: “...Participants, Deaf Association of Iceland, Solborg, Hlíðaskóli, Communication Center for the Deaf...”
Published in Proceedings of the Linguistic Society of America (2020)
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743Contributors: “...1 Univ Iceland, Fac Nursing, Res & Dev, Reykjavik, Iceland Show the Organization-Enhanced name(s) 2...”
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744by Broekman, Daniela C., Zenz, Alexandra, Gudmundsdottir, Bjarnheidur K., Lohner, Karl, Maier, Valerie H., Gudmundsson, Gudmundur H.Contributors: “...the University of Iceland Research Fund...”
Published in Peptides (2011)
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745by Jousset, Philippe, Hersir, Gylfi P., Krawczyk, Charlotte, Wollin, Christopher, Lipus, Martin, Reinsch, Thomas, Isken, Marius, Heimann, SebastianContributors: “...Iceland GeoSurvey (ISOR), Reykjavik, Iceland...”
Published 2020
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746by Oskarsdottir, G N, Halldorsson, H, Sigurdsson, M I, Fridriksson, B M, Baldvinsson, K, Orrason, A W, Jonsson, S, Planck, M, Gudbjartsson, TContributors: “...1 a Departments of Cardiothoracic Surgery , Landspitali University Hospital , Reykjavik , Iceland...”
Published in Acta Oncologica (2017)
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747by Bjarnason, Agnar, Asgeirsson, Hilmir, Baldursson, Olafur, Kristinsson, Karl G, Gottfredsson, MagnusContributors: “...1 Univ Iceland, Sch Hlth Sci, Fac Med, Reykjavik, Iceland 2 Sahlgrens Univ Hosp, Dept Infect Dis...”
Published in Infectious Diseases (2015)
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748Large-Scale Screening for Monogenic and Clinically Defined Familial Hypercholesterolemia in Iceland.by Björnsson, Eythór, Thorgeirsson, Guðmundur, Helgadóttir, Anna, Thorleifsson, Guðmar, Sveinbjörnsson, Garðar, Kristmundsdóttir, Snaedís, Jónsson, Hákon, Jónasdóttir, Aðalbjörg, Jónasdóttir, Áslaug, Sigurðsson, Ásgeir, Guðnason, Thórarinn, Ólafsson, Ísleifur, Sigurðsson, Emil L, Sigurðardóttir, Ólöf, Viðarsson, Brynjar, Baldvinsson, Magnús, Bjarnason, Ragnar, Danielsen, Ragnar, Matthíasson, Stefán E, Thórarinsson, Björn L, Grétarsdóttir, Sólveig, Steinthórsdóttir, Valgerður, Halldórsson, Bjarni V, Andersen, Karl, Arnar, Davíð O, Jónsdóttir, Ingileif, Guðbjartsson, Daníel F, Hólm, Hilma, Thorsteinsdóttir, Unnur, Sulem, Patrick, Stefánsson, KáriContributors: “...1deCODE genetics/Amgen, Inc, Reykjavík, Iceland (E.B., G. Thorgeirsson, A.H., G. Thorleifsson, G.S...”
Published in Microbial Drug Resistance (2022)
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749by Scott, Nick, Ólafsson, Sigurður, Gottfreðsson, Magnús, Tyrfingsson, Thorarinn, Rúnarsdóttir, Valgerdur, Hansdottir, Ingunn, Hernandez, Ubaldo Benitez, Sigmundsdóttir, Guðrún, Hellard, MargaretContributors: “... & Hepatol, Reykjavik, Iceland Show more 4 Univ Iceland, Sch Hlth Sci, Fac Med, Reykjavik, Iceland Show more...”
Published in Journal of Hepatology (2018)
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750by Emilsson, Össur Ingi, Benediktsdóttir, Bryndís, Ólafsson, Ísleifur, Cook, Elizabeth, Júlíusson, Sigurður, Björnsson, Einar Stefán, Guðlaugsdóttir, Sunna, Guðmundsdóttir, Anna Soffía, Mirgorodskaya, Ekaterina, Ljungström, Evert, Arnardóttir, Erna Sif, Gíslason, Þórarinn, Janson, Christer, Olin, Anna-CarinContributors: “...1Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Vatnsmyrarvegur 16, 101, Reykjavik, Iceland...”
Published in Respiratory Research (2016)
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751by Haugstvedt, Anne, Graue, Marit, Aarflot, Morten, Heimro, Lovise S., Johansson, Hilde, Hjaltadottir, Ingibjörg, Sigurdardottir, Arun K.Contributors: “... Faculty of Nursing, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland National University Hospital Iceland...”
Published in International Diabetes Nursing (2016)
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752by Bjarnadottir, Gudrun D, Haraldsson, Haraldur M, Rafnar, Bjarni O, Sigurdsson, Engilbert, Steingrimsson, Steinn, Johannsson, Magnus, Bragadottir, Helena, Magnusson, AndresContributors: “...), Reykjavik, Iceland; Centre for Ethics, Law and Mental Health (SS), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology...”
Published in Journal of Addiction Medicine (2015)
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753by Thorsteinsdottir, Ingunn, Aspelund, Thor, Gudmundsson, Elias, Eiriksdottir, Gudny, Harris, Tamara B, Launer, Lenore J, Gudnason, Vilmundur, Venge, PerContributors: “...1 Iceland Heart Assoc, Res Inst, Kopavogur, Iceland 2 Landspitali Univ Hosp, Dept Clin Biochem...”
Published in Clinical Chemistry (2016)
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754by Jónsdóttir, Helga, Agnarsdóttir, Hrafnkatla, Jóhannesdóttir, Hrund, Smárason, Orri, Harðardóttir, Harpa Hrönn, Højgaard, Davíð R M A, Skarphedinsson, GudmundurContributors: “..., Reykjavik, Iceland. 2Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Landspítali University Hospital...”
Published in Nordic Journal of Psychiatry (2022)
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755by Hilmarsdóttir, Bylgja, Briem, Eirikur, Sigurdsson, Valgardur, Franzdóttir, Sigrídur Rut, Ringnér, Markus, Arason, Ari Jon, Bergthorsson, Jon Thor, Magnusson, Magnus Karl, Gudjonsson, ThorarinnContributors: “...Univ Iceland, Sch Hlth Sci, Fac Med, Stem Cell Res Unit,Biomed Ctr,Dept Anat, IS-101 Reykjavik...”
Published in Developmental Biology (2015)
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756by Thorsteinn Loftsson, Biljana Ilievska, Gudrun Marta Asgrimsdottir, Orri Thor Ormarsson, Einar StefanssonContributors: “...1 Univ Iceland, Fac Pharmaceut Sci, Hofsvallagata 53, IS-107 Reykjavik, Iceland 2 Lipid Pharmaceut...”
Published in Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology (2016)
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757by Hreinsson, Johann P, Ægisdottir, Silja, Bjornsson, Einar SContributors: “...1 Natl Univ Hosp Reykjavik, Dept Internal Med, Sect Gastroenterol & Hepatol, Reykjavik, Iceland...”
Published in United European Gastroenterology Journal (2019)
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758by Petursdottir, Asta B, Rayens, Mary Kay, Sigurdardottir, Valgerdur, Svavarsdottir, Erla KolbrunContributors: “...1School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Nursing, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland. 2...”
Published in Journal of Family Nursing (2021)
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759by Sveinsdóttir, Herdís, Ragnarsdóttir, Erla Dögg, Blöndal, KatrínContributors: “...1 Univ Iceland, Fac Nursing, Reykjavik, Iceland 2 Landspitali Univ Hosp, Surg Serv, Reykjavik...”
Published in Journal of Advanced Nursing (2016)
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760by Vilmundardóttir, O. K., Gísladóttir, G., Lal, R.Contributors: “...University of Iceland Trust Fund...”
Published in Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography (2017)
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