Iceland
![Norsemen landing in Iceland – a 19th-century depiction by [[Oscar Wergeland](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/Norsemen_Landing_in_Iceland.jpg)
Located on a rift between tectonic plates, Iceland's geologic activity includes geysers and frequent volcanic eruptions. The interior consists of a volcanic plateau characterised by sand and lava fields, mountains, and glaciers, and many glacial rivers flow to the sea through the lowlands. Iceland is warmed by the Gulf Stream and has a temperate climate, despite a latitude just south of the Arctic Circle. Its high latitude and marine influence keep summers chilly, and most of its islands have a polar climate.
According to the ancient manuscript , the settlement of Iceland began in 874 AD when the Norwegian chieftain Ingólfr Arnarson became the first permanent settler on the island. In the following centuries, Norwegians, and to a lesser extent other Scandinavians, immigrated to Iceland, bringing with them thralls (i.e., slaves or serfs) of Gaelic origin.
The island was governed as an independent commonwealth under the native parliament, the Althing, one of the world's oldest functioning legislative assemblies. Following a period of civil strife, Iceland acceded to Norwegian rule in the 13th century. In 1397, Iceland followed Norway's integration into the Kalmar Union along with the kingdoms of Denmark and Sweden, coming under ''de facto'' Danish rule following its dissolution in 1523. The Danish kingdom introduced Lutheranism by force in 1550, and Iceland was formally ceded to Denmark in 1814 by the Treaty of Kiel.
Influenced by ideals of nationalism after the French Revolution, Iceland's struggle for independence took form and culminated in the Danish–Icelandic Act of Union in 1918, with the establishment of the Kingdom of Iceland, sharing through a personal union the incumbent monarch of Denmark. During the occupation of Denmark in World War II, Iceland voted overwhelmingly to become a republic in 1944, thus ending the remaining formal ties with Denmark. Although the Althing was suspended from 1799 to 1845, the island republic nevertheless holds a claim to sustaining one of the longest-running parliaments in the world.
Until the 20th century, Iceland relied largely on subsistence fishing and agriculture. Industrialization of the fisheries and Marshall Plan aid following World War II brought prosperity, and Iceland became one of the wealthiest and most developed nations in the world. It became a part of the European Economic Area in 1994; this further diversified the economy into sectors such as finance, biotechnology, and manufacturing.
Iceland has a market economy with relatively low taxes, compared to other OECD countries, as well as the highest trade union membership in the world. It maintains a Nordic social welfare system that provides universal health care and tertiary education for its citizens. Iceland ranks highly in international comparisons of national performance, such as quality of life, education, protection of civil liberties, government transparency, and economic freedom. Iceland has the smallest population of any NATO member and is the only one with no standing army, possessing only a lightly armed coast guard. Provided by Wikipedia
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681by Arnardottir, Erna S, Lim, Diane C, Keenan, Brendan T, Maislin, Greg, Benediktsdottir, Bryndis, Juliusson, Sigurdur, Pack, Allan I, Gislason, ThorarinnContributors: “... of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland; Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland; Center...”
Published in Journal of Sleep Research (2015)
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682by Bjarnadottir, Adda, Kristjansdottir, Asa Gudrun, Hrafnkelsson, Hannes, Johannsson, Erlingur, Magnusson, Kristjan Thor, Thorsdottir, IngaContributors: “... and Nutrition, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Laeknagardur, Vatnsmyrarvegur 16, 101 Reykjavík...”
Published in Public Health Nutrition (2014)
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683by Andresdottir, Gudbjorg Thora, Hjaltason, Haukur, Ragnarsdottir, MariaContributors: “...Landspitali Univ Hosp, Dept Physiotherapy, Reykjavik, Iceland Show the Organization-Enhanced name...”
Published in European Journal of Physiotherapy (2017)
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684by Orrason, Andri W, Sigurdsson, Martin I, Baldvinsson, Kristjan, Thorsteinsson, Hunbogi, Jonsson, Steinn, Gudbjartsson, TomasContributors: “...1 Dept of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland. 2 Dept...”
Published in ERJ Open Research (2017)
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685by Birgisdottir, Hera, Bjarnadottir, Ragnheidur I, Kristjansdottir, Katrin, Geirsson, Reynir TContributors: “...1 Univ Iceland, Fac Med, Reykjavik, Iceland, 2 Landspitali Univ Hosp, Dept Obstet & Gynecol, Womens...”
Published in Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica (2016)
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686by Björnsson, Einar S, Bergmann, Ottar M, Björnsson, Helgi K, Kvaran, Runar B, Olafsson, SigurdurContributors: “...Natl Univ Hosp Reykjavik, Dept Internal Med, Sect Gastroenterol & Hepatol, Reykjavik, Iceland, Univ...”
Published in Gastroenterology (2013)
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687by Björnsson, Helgi K, Gudmundsson, David O, Björnsson, Einar SContributors: “... University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland. 2Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland....”
Published in Liver International (2020)
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688by Gudmundsdottir, K. B., Svansson, V., Gunnarsson, E., Sigurdarson, S., Aalbæk, B.Contributors: “...Chief Veterinary Office in Iceland, the Icelandic Research Council...”
Published in Veterinary Record (2004)
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689by Benediktsdottir, Bryndis, Janson, Christer, Lindberg, Eva, Arnardóttir, Erna Sif, Olafsson, Isleifur, Cook, Elizabeth, Thorarinsdottir, Elin Helga, Gislason, ThorarinnContributors: “...Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Iceland....”
Published in Sleep Medicine (2011)
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690by Kristín BriemContributors: “...Sjúkraþjálfun, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland...”
Published 2012
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691Contributors: “...Department of Nursing, University of Iceland, Iceland....”
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692by Kristinsdóttir, JónínaContributors: “...University of Iceland, School of Education, Iceland...”
Published 2017
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693by Johannesdottir, Fjola, Aspelund, Thor, Siggeirsdottir, Kristin, Jonsson, Brynjolfur Y, Mogensen, Brynjolfur, Sigurdsson, Sigurdur, Harris, Tamara B, Gudnason, Vilmundur G, Lang, Thomas F, Sigurdsson, GunnarContributors: “...University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland. Landspitali...”
Published in Calcified Tissue International (2013)
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694by Birkisson, Illugi F, Halapi, Eva, Bjornsdottir, Unnur S, Shkolny, Dana L, Adalsteinsdottir, Elva, Arnason, Thor, Gislason, David, Gislason, Thorarinn, Gulcher, Jeffrey, Stefansson, Kari, Hakonarson, HakonContributors: “...The Medical University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland....”
Published in American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2009)
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695by Tryggvadottir, Ellen A, Halldorsson, Thorhallur I, Landberg, Rikard, Hrolfsdottir, Laufey, Birgisdottir, Bryndis E, Magnusdottir, Ola K, Hreidarsdottir, Ingibjorg T, Hardardottir, Hildur, Gunnarsdottir, IngibjorgContributors: “... and Nutrition, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland. 2Centre for Fetal Programming, Department...”
Published in The Journal of Nutrition (2022)
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696by Jonsdottir, Olof H, Thorsdottir, Inga, Gunnlaugsson, Geir, Fewtrell, Mary S, Hibberd, Patricia L, Kleinman, Ronald EContributors: “...Univ Iceland, Landspitali Natl Univ Hosp Iceland, Unit Nutr Res, IS-101 Reykjavik, Iceland Univ...”
Published in Nutrients (2014)
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697by Eiríksdóttir, Védís Helga, Valdimarsdóttir, Unnur Anna, Ásgeirsdóttir, Tinna Laufey, Hauksdóttir, Arna, Lund, Sigrún Helga, Bjarnadóttir, Ragnheiður Ingibjörg, Cnattingius, Sven, Zoëga, HelgaContributors: “...1 Univ Iceland, Fac Med, Ctr Publ Hlth Sci, Reykjavik, Iceland 2 Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept...”
Published in PLOS ONE (2016)
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698by Sonnemann, Tim, Halldorsson, Benedikt, Hrafnkelsson, Birgir, Jonsson, SigurjonContributors: “... of Engineering & Natural Sciences, University of Iceland, Selfoss, Iceland...”
Published in Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering (2020)
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699by Hauksson, Kristjan, Arnardottir, Margret, Agustsson, Arnar S, Magnusdottir, Berglind A, Baldursdottir, Maria B, Lund, Sigrun H, Kalaitzakis, Evangelos, Björnsson, Einar SContributors: “...1Department of Gastroenterology, Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland. 2Faculty...”
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology (2020)
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700by Thorolfsdottir, Rosa Björk, Aspelund, Thor, Capewell, Simon, Critchley, Julia, Gudnason, Vilmundur, Andersen, KarlContributors: “...1 Iceland Heart Assoc, Kopavogur, Iceland 2 Univ Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland 3 Univ Liverpool, Div...”
Published in PLoS ONE (2015)
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