Iceland
Iceland (, ) is a Nordic island country between the North Atlantic and Arctic Oceans, on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge between North America and Europe. It is linked culturally and politically with Europe and is the region's most sparsely populated country. Its capital and largest city is Reykjavík, which is home to about 36% of the country's roughly 380,000 residents. The official language of the country is Icelandic.Located on a rift between tectonic plates, Iceland's geologic activity includes geysers and frequent volcanic eruptions. The interior consists of a volcanic plateau characterised by sand and lava fields, mountains, and glaciers, and many glacial rivers flow to the sea through the lowlands. Iceland is warmed by the Gulf Stream and has a temperate climate, despite a latitude just south of the Arctic Circle. Its high latitude and marine influence keep summers chilly, and most of its islands have a polar climate.
According to the ancient manuscript , the settlement of Iceland began in 874 AD when the Norwegian chieftain Ingólfr Arnarson became the first permanent settler on the island. In the following centuries, Norwegians, and to a lesser extent other Scandinavians, immigrated to Iceland, bringing with them thralls (i.e., slaves or serfs) of Gaelic origin.
The island was governed as an independent commonwealth under the native parliament, the Althing, one of the world's oldest functioning legislative assemblies. Following a period of civil strife, Iceland acceded to Norwegian rule in the 13th century. In 1397, Iceland followed Norway's integration into the Kalmar Union along with the kingdoms of Denmark and Sweden, coming under ''de facto'' Danish rule following its dissolution in 1523. The Danish kingdom introduced Lutheranism by force in 1550, and Iceland was formally ceded to Denmark in 1814 by the Treaty of Kiel.
Influenced by ideals of nationalism after the French Revolution, Iceland's struggle for independence took form and culminated in the Danish–Icelandic Act of Union in 1918, with the establishment of the Kingdom of Iceland, sharing through a personal union the incumbent monarch of Denmark. During the occupation of Denmark in World War II, Iceland voted overwhelmingly to become a republic in 1944, thus ending the remaining formal ties with Denmark. Although the Althing was suspended from 1799 to 1845, the island republic nevertheless holds a claim to sustaining one of the longest-running parliaments in the world.
Until the 20th century, Iceland relied largely on subsistence fishing and agriculture. Industrialization of the fisheries and Marshall Plan aid following World War II brought prosperity, and Iceland became one of the wealthiest and most developed nations in the world. It became a part of the European Economic Area in 1994; this further diversified the economy into sectors such as finance, biotechnology, and manufacturing.
Iceland has a market economy with relatively low taxes, compared to other OECD countries, as well as the highest trade union membership in the world. It maintains a Nordic social welfare system that provides universal health care and tertiary education for its citizens. Iceland ranks highly in international comparisons of national performance, such as quality of life, education, protection of civil liberties, government transparency, and economic freedom. Iceland has the smallest population of any NATO member and is the only one with no standing army, possessing only a lightly armed coast guard. Provided by Wikipedia
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641by Tomasson, G, Bjornsson, J, Zhang, Y, Gudnason, V, Merkel, P AContributors: “...1 a Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine , University of Iceland...”
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology (2019)
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642by Thorisdottir, Asa Vala, Gunnarsdottir, Ingibjorg, Thorsdottir, IngaContributors: “...Univ Iceland, Sch Hlth Sci, Fac Food Sci & Nutr, Unit Nutr Res, Reykjavik, Iceland Landspitali...”
Published in Acta Paediatrica (2014)
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643by Sigurdsson, M I, Sigvaldason, K, Gunnarsson, T S, Moller, A, Sigurdsson, G HContributors: “...Landspitali Univ Hosp, Dept Anaesthesia & Intens Care Med, IS-101 Reykjavik, Iceland Univ Iceland...”
Published in Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica (2014)
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644by Zoëga, Sigridur, Ward, Sandra, Gunnarsdottir, SigridurContributors: “...Univ Iceland, Landspitali Natl Univ Hosp Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland Univ Wisconsin, Sch Nursing...”
Published in Pain Management Nursing (2014)
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645by Carlsen, Hanne Krage, Ilyinskaya, Evgenia, Baxter, Peter J, Schmidt, Anja, Thorsteinsson, Throstur, Pfeffer, Melissa Anne, Barsotti, Sara, Dominici, Francesca, Finnbjornsdottir, Ragnhildur Gudrun, Jóhannsson, Thorsteinn, Aspelund, Thor, Gislason, Thorarinn, Valdimarsdóttir, Unnur, Briem, Haraldur, Gudnason, ThorolfurContributors: “...1Environment and Natural Resources, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland. hanne.krage.carlsen...”
Published in Nature Communications (2021)
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646by Rafnar, Thorunn, Sigurjonsdottir, Gudbjorg R, Stacey, Simon N, Halldorsson, Gisli, Sulem, Patrick, Pardo, Luba M, Helgason, Hannes, Sigurdsson, Stefan T, Gudjonsson, Thorkell, Tryggvadottir, Laufey, Olafsdottir, Gudridur H, Jonasson, Jon G, Alexiusdottir, Kristin, Sigurdsson, Asgeir, Gudmundsson, Julius, Saemundsdottir, Jona, Sigurdsson, Jon K, Johannsdottir, Hrefna, Uitterlinden, Andre, Vermeulen, Sita H, Galesloot, Tessel E, Allain, Dawn C, Lacko, Martin, Sigurgeirsson, Bardur, Thorisdottir, Kristin, Johannsson, Oskar T, Sigurdsson, Fridbjorn, Ragnarsson, Gunnar B, Isaksson, Helgi, Hardardottir, Hronn, Gudbjartsson, Tomas, Gudbjartsson, Daniel F, Masson, Gisli, Kiemeney, Lambertus A M L, Ewart Toland, Amanda, Nijsten, Tamar, Peters, Wilbert H M, Olafsson, Jon H, Jonsson, Steinn, Thorsteinsdottir, Unnur, Thorleifsson, Gudmar, Stefansson, KariContributors: “...1 deCODE Genetics/Amgen, Reykjavik, Iceland. 2 Department of Oncology, Landspitali-University...”
Published in JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute (2018)
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647by Johannsdottir, Sunna, Jansook, Phatsawee, Stefansson, Einar, Kristinsdottir, Iris Myrdal, Fulop, Zoltan, Asgrimsdottir, Gudrun Marta, Thorsteindsottir, Margret, Eiriksson, Finnur Freyr, Loftsson, ThorsteinnContributors: “...1 Univ Iceland, Fac Pharmaceut Sci, Reykjavik, Iceland 2 Oculis Ehf, Reykjavik, Iceland Show more 3...”
Published in Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology (2018)
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648by Bjarnason, Thorarinn A, Hafthorsson, Steinar O, Kristinsdottir, Linda B, Oskarsdottir, Erna S, Johnsen, Arni, Andersen, KarlContributors: “...University of Iceland, School of Health Sciences, Reykjavik, Iceland. 3Department of Medicine, Division...”
Published in European Heart Journal. Acute Cardiovascular Care (2020)
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649by Bjornsdottir, Erla, Keenan, Brendan T, Eysteinsdottir, Bjorg, Arnardottir, Erna Sif, Janson, Christer, Gislason, Thorarinn, Sigurdsson, Jon Fridrik, Kuna, Samuel T, Pack, Allan I, Benediktsdottir, BryndisContributors: “...1Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland. 2Department of Respiratory...”
Published in Journal of Sleep Research (2015)
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650by Asmundsdottir, Lena Ros, Erlendsdottir, Helga, Gottfredsson, MagnusContributors: “...University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland....”
Published in Journal of Clinical Microbiology (2008)
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651by Sigurbjörn Birgir Arngrímsson, Erlingur Birgir Richardsson, Kári Jónsson, Anna Sigríður ÓlafsdóttirContributors: “...University of Iceland, Laugarvatn, Iceland...”
Published 2012
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652by Pétur Sólmar Guðjónsson, Elín Maríusdóttir, Helga Björk Pálsdóttir, Guðmundur Vikar Einarsson, Eiríkur Jónsson, Vigdís Pétursdóttir, Sverrir Harðarson, Martin Ingi Sigurðsson, Tómas GuðbjartssonContributors: “...Landspítali, University of Iceland, Iceland....”
Published 2013
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653by Geirsdottir, Asbjorg, Palsson, Olafur, Hardarson, Sveinn Hakon, Olafsdottir, Olof Birna, Kristjansdottir, Jona Valgerdur, Stefánsson, EinarContributors: “...University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland....”
Published in Investigative Opthalmology & Visual Science (2013)
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654by Hreinsson, J P, Jonasson, J G, Bjornsson, E SContributors: “...1Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland; Department of Internal Medicine...”
Published in Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2014)
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655by Kristinsdottir, Iris, Haraldsson, Asgeir, Gudlaugsson, Olafur, Thors, ValtyrContributors: “...1)From the Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland. 2)Children's Hospital Iceland. 3)Division...”
Published in Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal (2021)
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656Contributors: “...1Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Reykjavik, Iceland. 2...”
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657by Benediktsdóttir, Berglind Eva, Baldursson, Ólafur, Másson, MárContributors: “...Univ Iceland, Sch Hlth Sci, Fac Pharmaceut Sci, IS-107 Reykjavik, Iceland, Landspitali, Dept Pulm...”
Published in Journal of Controlled Release (2014)
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658by Rafnsson, Vilhjalmur, Gunnarsdottir, Oddny SContributors: “...Univ Iceland, Dept Prevent Med, IS-101 Reykjavik, Iceland Landspitali Natl Univ Hosp, Off Educ Res...”
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Public Health (2014)
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659by Halldorsson, Hannes, Orrason, Andri Wilberg, Oskarsdottir, Gudrun Nina, Petursdottir, Astridur, Fridriksson, Bjorn Mar, Magnusson, Magnus Karl, Jonsson, Steinn, Gudbjartsson, TomasContributors: “...1 Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland. 2...”
Published in Annals of Translational Medicine (2019)
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660by Þórðarson, Ólafur, Ævarsson, Friðrik Már, Helgadóttir, Sigríður, Lauth, Bertrand, Wessman, Inga, Sigurjónsdóttir, Steinunn Anna, Smárason, Orri, Harðardóttir, Harpa Hrönn, Skarphedinsson, GudmundurContributors: “...1Reykjavík Municipal Service Centre for Breiðholt, Reykjavík, Iceland. 2Child and Adolescent...”
Published in Nordic Journal of Psychiatry (2020)
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