Iceland
Iceland (, ) is a Nordic island country between the North Atlantic and Arctic Oceans, on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge between North America and Europe. It is linked culturally and politically with Europe and is the region's most sparsely populated country. Its capital and largest city is Reykjavík, which is home to about 36% of the country's roughly 380,000 residents. The official language of the country is Icelandic.Located on a rift between tectonic plates, Iceland's geologic activity includes geysers and frequent volcanic eruptions. The interior consists of a volcanic plateau characterised by sand and lava fields, mountains, and glaciers, and many glacial rivers flow to the sea through the lowlands. Iceland is warmed by the Gulf Stream and has a temperate climate, despite a latitude just south of the Arctic Circle. Its high latitude and marine influence keep summers chilly, and most of its islands have a polar climate.
According to the ancient manuscript , the settlement of Iceland began in 874 AD when the Norwegian chieftain Ingólfr Arnarson became the first permanent settler on the island. In the following centuries, Norwegians, and to a lesser extent other Scandinavians, immigrated to Iceland, bringing with them thralls (i.e., slaves or serfs) of Gaelic origin.
The island was governed as an independent commonwealth under the native parliament, the Althing, one of the world's oldest functioning legislative assemblies. Following a period of civil strife, Iceland acceded to Norwegian rule in the 13th century. In 1397, Iceland followed Norway's integration into the Kalmar Union along with the kingdoms of Denmark and Sweden, coming under ''de facto'' Danish rule following its dissolution in 1523. The Danish kingdom introduced Lutheranism by force in 1550, and Iceland was formally ceded to Denmark in 1814 by the Treaty of Kiel.
Influenced by ideals of nationalism after the French Revolution, Iceland's struggle for independence took form and culminated in the Danish–Icelandic Act of Union in 1918, with the establishment of the Kingdom of Iceland, sharing through a personal union the incumbent monarch of Denmark. During the occupation of Denmark in World War II, Iceland voted overwhelmingly to become a republic in 1944, thus ending the remaining formal ties with Denmark. Although the Althing was suspended from 1799 to 1845, the island republic nevertheless holds a claim to sustaining one of the longest-running parliaments in the world.
Until the 20th century, Iceland relied largely on subsistence fishing and agriculture. Industrialization of the fisheries and Marshall Plan aid following World War II brought prosperity, and Iceland became one of the wealthiest and most developed nations in the world. It became a part of the European Economic Area in 1994; this further diversified the economy into sectors such as finance, biotechnology, and manufacturing.
Iceland has a market economy with relatively low taxes, compared to other OECD countries, as well as the highest trade union membership in the world. It maintains a Nordic social welfare system that provides universal health care and tertiary education for its citizens. Iceland ranks highly in international comparisons of national performance, such as quality of life, education, protection of civil liberties, government transparency, and economic freedom. Iceland has the smallest population of any NATO member and is the only one with no standing army, possessing only a lightly armed coast guard. Provided by Wikipedia
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561by Briem, Eirikur, Budkova, Zuzana, Sigurdardottir, Anna Karen, Hilmarsdottir, Bylgja, Kricker, Jennifer, Timp, Winston, Magnusson, Magnus Karl, Traustadottir, Gunnhildur Asta, Gudjonsson, ThorarinnContributors: “... of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Iceland. 2 Stem Cell Research Unit, Biomedical Center, Department...”
Published in Mechanisms of Development (2019)
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562by Jonsdottir, Hulda R, Arason, Ari J, Palsson, Ragnar, Franzdottir, Sigridur R, Gudbjartsson, Tomas, Isaksson, Helgi J, Gudmundsson, Gunnar, Gudjonsson, Thorarinn, Magnusson, Magnus KContributors: “...1 Univ Iceland, Fac Med, Biomed Ctr, Stem Cell Res Unit, IS-101 Reykjavik, Iceland 2 Landspitali...”
Published in Laboratory Investigation (2015)
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563by Gisladottir, Agnes, Luque-Fernandez, Miguel Angel, Harlow, Bernard L, Gudmundsdottir, Berglind, Jonsdottir, Eyrun, Bjarnadottir, Ragnheidur I, Hauksdottir, Arna, Aspelund, Thor, Cnattingius, Sven, Valdimarsdottir, Unnur AContributors: “...1 Univ Iceland, Ctr Publ Hlth Sci, Reykjavik, Iceland 2 London Sch Hyg & Trop Med, Dept...”
Published in PLOS ONE (2016)
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564by Gisladottir, Sigurveig, Sigurdardottir, Arun K, Hjaltadottir, IngibjörgContributors: “...1Fossahlid Nursing Home, Health Care Institution of Eastern Iceland. 2University of Akureyri...”
Published in International Journal of Circumpolar Health (2021)
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565by Ingvarsdottir, Inga L, Vidarsdottir, Halla, Valsson, Felix, Simonardottir, Liney, Sigurdsson, Martin I, Myrdal, Gunnar, Geirsson, Arnar, Gudbjartsson, TomasContributors: “..., Iceland. 2 Cardiothoracic Surgery, Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland. 3 Faculty...”
Published in Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica (2019)
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566Contributors: “...University of Iceland and Psychiatric Department of Landspitali – The National University Hospital...”
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567Contributors: “...Natl Univ Hosp Reykjavik, Reykjavik, Iceland, MT Stofan, Reykjavik, Iceland, Univ Iceland, Dept...”
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568by Baldursdottir, Theodora R, Bergmann, Ottar M, Jonasson, Jon G, Ludviksson, Björn R, Axelsson, Tomas A, Björnsson, Einar SContributors: “... of Iceland, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland....”
Published in European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology (2013)
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569by Hilmarsdóttir, I, Baldvinsdóttir, G E, Harðardóttir, H, Briem, H, Sigurðsson, S IContributors: “...Department of Microbiology, Landspítali-The National University Hospital of Iceland, University...”
Published in European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases (2013)
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570by Jorgensen, Gudmundur H, Ornolfsson, Arni E, Johannesson, Ari, Gudmundsson, Sveinn, Janzi, Magdalena, Wang, Ning, Hammarström, Lennart, Ludviksson, Bjorn RContributors: “...Department of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland; Department of Immunology...”
Published in Human Immunology (2011)
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571by Hilmarsdóttir, I, Baldvinsdóttir, G E, Harðardóttir, H, Briem, H, Sigurðsson, S IContributors: “...Department of Microbiology, Landspítali-The National University Hospital of Iceland, University...”
Published in European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases (2012)
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572by Olafsdottir, Thorunn Asta, Lingnau, Karen, Nagy, Eszter, Jonsdottir, IngileifContributors: “...Landspitali, The National University Hospital of Iceland, Department of Immunology, and University...”
Published in Infection and Immunity (2012)
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573by Olafsdottir, Thorunn Asta, Lingnau, Karen, Nagy, Eszter, Jonsdottir, IngileifContributors: “...Landspitali, The National University Hospital of Iceland, Department of Immunology, and University...”
Published in Infection and Immunity (2013)
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574by Asgeirsson, Hilmir, Gudlaugsson, Olafur, Kristinsson, Karl G, Vilbergsson, Gauti R, Heiddal, Sigurdur, Haraldsson, Asgeir, Weiland, Ola, Kristjansson, MarContributors: “..., Reykjavík, Iceland; ‖Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland; **The Children...”
Published in Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal (2015)
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575by Bjornsson, Eythor, Thorgeirsson, Gudmundur, Gudnason, ThorarinnContributors: “...1Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Vatnsmyrarvegur 16, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland. 2Faculty...”
Published in Atherosclerosis (2016)
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576by Haraldsdottir, Sigridur, Gudmundsson, Sigurdur, Bjarnadottir, Ragnheidur I, Lund, Sigrun H, Valdimarsdottir, Unnur AContributors: “...1 Univ Iceland, Ctr Publ Hlth Sci, Sch Hlth Sci, Reykjavik, Iceland 2 Directorate Hlth, Div Hlth...”
Published in Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica (2015)
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577by Gunnarsdottir, Sigridur, Zoëga, Sigridur, Serlin, Ronald C, Sveinsdottir, Herdis, Hafsteinsdottir, Elin Johanna Gudrun, Fridriksdottir, Nanna, Gretarsdottir, Elfa Tholl, Ward, Sandra EvelynContributors: “...1 Landspitali Natl Univ Hosp Iceland, Eiriksgata 5, IS-101 Reykjavik, Iceland Show more 2 Univ...”
Published in International Journal of Nursing Studies (2017)
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578by Onundarson, Páll T, Francis, Charles W, Indridason, Olafur S, Arnar, David O, Bjornsson, Einar S, Magnusson, Magnus K, Juliusson, Sigurdur J, Jensdottir, Hulda M, Vidarsson, Brynjar, Gunnarsson, Petur S, Lund, Sigrun H, Gudmundsdottir, Brynja RContributors: “...1 Natl Univ Hosp Iceland, IS-104 Reykjavik, Iceland 2 Univ Iceland, Sch Hlth Sci, Fac Med...”
Published in The Lancet Haematology (2016)
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579by Magnusdottir, B B, Haraldsson, H M, Sigurdsson, EContributors: “...1Department of Psychiatry, Landspitali University Hospital, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland. 2Department...”
Published in Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology (2021)
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580by Gudmundsson, Adalsteinn, Aspelund, Thor, Sigurdsson, Gunnar, Harris, Tamara, Launer, Lenore J, Gudnason, Vilmundur, Jonsson, HelgiContributors: “...1 Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland. 2 University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland...”
Published in Journal of the American Geriatrics Society (2017)
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