Iceland
![Norsemen landing in Iceland – a 19th-century depiction by [[Oscar Wergeland](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/Norsemen_Landing_in_Iceland.jpg)
Located on a rift between tectonic plates, Iceland's geologic activity includes geysers and frequent volcanic eruptions. The interior consists of a volcanic plateau characterised by sand and lava fields, mountains, and glaciers, and many glacial rivers flow to the sea through the lowlands. Iceland is warmed by the Gulf Stream and has a temperate climate, despite a latitude just south of the Arctic Circle. Its high latitude and marine influence keep summers chilly, and most of its islands have a polar climate.
According to the ancient manuscript , the settlement of Iceland began in 874 AD when the Norwegian chieftain Ingólfr Arnarson became the first permanent settler on the island. In the following centuries, Norwegians, and to a lesser extent other Scandinavians, immigrated to Iceland, bringing with them thralls (i.e., slaves or serfs) of Gaelic origin.
The island was governed as an independent commonwealth under the native parliament, the Althing, one of the world's oldest functioning legislative assemblies. Following a period of civil strife, Iceland acceded to Norwegian rule in the 13th century. In 1397, Iceland followed Norway's integration into the Kalmar Union along with the kingdoms of Denmark and Sweden, coming under ''de facto'' Danish rule following its dissolution in 1523. The Danish kingdom introduced Lutheranism by force in 1550, and Iceland was formally ceded to Denmark in 1814 by the Treaty of Kiel.
Influenced by ideals of nationalism after the French Revolution, Iceland's struggle for independence took form and culminated in the Danish–Icelandic Act of Union in 1918, with the establishment of the Kingdom of Iceland, sharing through a personal union the incumbent monarch of Denmark. During the occupation of Denmark in World War II, Iceland voted overwhelmingly to become a republic in 1944, thus ending the remaining formal ties with Denmark. Although the Althing was suspended from 1799 to 1845, the island republic nevertheless holds a claim to sustaining one of the longest-running parliaments in the world.
Until the 20th century, Iceland relied largely on subsistence fishing and agriculture. Industrialization of the fisheries and Marshall Plan aid following World War II brought prosperity, and Iceland became one of the wealthiest and most developed nations in the world. It became a part of the European Economic Area in 1994; this further diversified the economy into sectors such as finance, biotechnology, and manufacturing.
Iceland has a market economy with relatively low taxes, compared to other OECD countries, as well as the highest trade union membership in the world. It maintains a Nordic social welfare system that provides universal health care and tertiary education for its citizens. Iceland ranks highly in international comparisons of national performance, such as quality of life, education, protection of civil liberties, government transparency, and economic freedom. Iceland has the smallest population of any NATO member and is the only one with no standing army, possessing only a lightly armed coast guard. Provided by Wikipedia
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381by Kristinsdottir, Eyrun A, Long, Thorir E, Sigvaldason, Kristinn, Karason, Sigurbergur, Sigurdsson, Gisli H, Sigurdsson, Martin IContributors: “... University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland. 2 Department of Internal Medicine at Landspitali...”
Published in Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica (2019)
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382by Petursdottir, Astridur, Sigurdardottir, Johanna, Fridriksson, Bjorn M, Johnsen, Arni, Isaksson, Helgi J, Hardardottir, Hronn, Jonsson, Steinn, Gudbjartsson, TomasContributors: “...1 Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Landspitali University Hospital, IS-101, Reykjavik, Iceland...”
Published in General Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery (2019)
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383by Tryggvadottir, Ellen Alma, Gunnarsdottir, Ingibjorg, Birgisdottir, Bryndis Eva, Hrolfsdottir, Laufey, Landberg, Rikard, Hreidarsdottir, Ingibjorg Th, Hardardottir, Hildur, Halldorsson, Thorhallur IngiContributors: “...1Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland eat2@hi.is. 2Unit...”
Published in BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care (2021)
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384by Thorisdottir, Birna, Gunnarsdottir, Ingibjorg, Vidarsdottir, Anna Gudrun, Sigurdardottir, Sigurveig, Birgisdottir, Bryndis Eva, Thorsdottir, IngaContributors: “..., University of Iceland and Landspitali University Hospital, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland. bth50@hi.is. 2 Faculty...”
Published in Nutrients (2019)
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385by Vidarsdottir, Harpa, Thorkelsson, Thordur, Halldorsson, Thorhallur Ingi, Bjarnason, Ragnar, Geirsson, Reynir Tomas, Rinaldo, Piero, Franzson, LeifurContributors: “...1Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland. 2Astrid...”
Published in Pediatric Research (2020)
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386by Fridriksson, T., Kristjansson, R., Armannsson, H., Margretardottir, E., Olafsdottir, S., Chiodini, G.Contributors: “...Fridriksson, T.; Iceland GeoSurvey, Grensa´ svegi 9, 108 Reykjavı´k, Iceland...”
Published in Applied Geochemistry (2006)
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387by Stefansdottir, V, Skirton, H, Johannsson, O Th, Olafsdottir, H, Olafsdottir, G H, Tryggvadottir, L, Jonsson, J JContributors: “..., Hringbraut, 101, Reykjavik, Iceland. 2 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Univ. of Iceland...”
Published in Familial Cancer (2019)
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388A Nationwide Study on Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy in Iceland: Evidence of a MYBPC3 Founder Mutation.by Adalsteinsdottir, Berglind, Teekakirikul, Polakit, Maron, Barry J, Burke, Michael A, Gudbjartsson, Daniel F, Holm, Hilma, Stefansson, Kari, DePalma, Steven R, Mazaika, Erica, McDonough, Barbara, Danielsen, Ragnar, Seidman, Jonathan G, Seidman, Christine E, Gunnarsson, Gunnar ThContributors: “...1Landspitali, The National University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavik; University of Iceland...”
Published in Circulation (2014)
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389by Sigurdsson, Bjarki, Sigurdardottir, Ragna, Arnardottir, Margret B, Lund, Sigrun H, Jonasson, Jon G, Björnsson, Einar SContributors: “..., Reykjavik, Iceland; Department of Pathology, Landspitali University Hospital, Hringbraut, 101, Reykjavik...”
Published in Cancer Epidemiology (2021)
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390Contributors: “...1 Univ Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland Show more 2 Natl Univ Hosp Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland...”
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391by Gudnason, Thorolfur, Hrafnkelsson, Birgir, Laxdal, Brynja, Kristinsson, Karl GContributors: “...Landspitali Univ Hosp, Directorate Hlth, Chief Epidemiologists Offi, Reykjavik, Iceland...”
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases (2014)
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392by Petursdottir, Dyrleif, Haraldsdottir, Sigridur Olina, Bjarnadottir, Kristjana, Jonsson, Thorbjorn, Gislason, Thorarinn, Gudmundsson, Sveinn, Gudbjornsson, BjornContributors: “...Landspitali Univ Hosp, Ctr Rheumatol Res, IS-101 Reykjavik, Iceland Landspitali Univ Hosp, Dept...”
Published 2014
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393by Bernhardsdottir, Johanna, Vilhjalmsson, Runar, Champion, Jane DimmittContributors: “...Univ Iceland, Fac Nursing, Eirberg, IS-101 Reykjavik, Iceland, Psychiatry, Landspitali—The National...”
Published in Issues in Mental Health Nursing (2013)
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394by Asgeirsdottir, G A, Kjartansdottir, I, Olafsdottir, A S, Hreinsson, J P, Hrafnkelsson, H, Johannsson, E, Björnsson, E SContributors: “...1 Natl Univ Hosp Iceland, Sect Gastroenterol & Hepatol & Radiol, Reykjavik, Iceland Show...”
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology (2017)
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395by Tomasdottir, Valgerdur, Vikingsson, Arnor, Freysdottir, Jona, Hardardottir, IngibjorgContributors: “...Univ Iceland, Biomed Ctr, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, IS-101 Reykjavik, Iceland Univ Iceland, Biomed...”
Published in The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry (2014)
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396by Brynjarsdottir, E. D., Sigurdsson, M. I., Sigmundsdottir, E., Möller, P. H., Sigurdsson, G. H.Contributors: “...1 Landspitali, Dept Internal Med, Reykjavik, Iceland Show more 2 Univ Iceland, Fac Med, Reykjavik...”
Published in Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica (2018)
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397by Freysdottir, Jona, Logadottir, Oddny T, Omarsdottir, Sesselja S, Vikingsson, Arnor, Hardardottir, IngibjorgContributors: “...1 Landspitali, Ctr Rheumatol Res, IS-101 Reykjavik, Iceland 2 Univ Iceland, Biomed Ctr, Fac Med...”
Published in Carbohydrate Polymers (2016)
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398Using the Icelandic genealogical database to define the familial risk of primary biliary cholangitisby Örnolfsson, Kristjan T., Olafsson, Sigurdur, Bergmann, Ottar M., Gershwin, M. Eric, Björnsson, Einar S.Contributors: “...1 Univ Iceland, Fac Med, Reykjavik, Iceland 2 Natl Univ Hosp Iceland, Div Gastroenterol & Hepatol...”
Published in Hepatology (2018)
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399by Siggeirsdottir, K, Aspelund, T, Jonsson, B Y, Mogensen, B, Gudmundsson, E F, Gudnason, V, Sigurdsson, GContributors: “...Iceland Heart Assoc Res Inst, IS-201 Kopavogur, Iceland, Univ Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland, Skane...”
Published in Osteoporosis International (2014)
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400by Gretarsdottir, Halla, Fridriksdottir, Nanna, Gunnarsdottir, SigridurContributors: “...1 Univ Iceland, Landspitali Univ Hosp, Reykjavik, Iceland Organization-Enhanced Name(s) Landspitali...”
Published in Journal of Pain and Symptom Management (2016)
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