Iceland
![Norsemen landing in Iceland – a 19th-century depiction by [[Oscar Wergeland](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/Norsemen_Landing_in_Iceland.jpg)
Located on a rift between tectonic plates, Iceland's geologic activity includes geysers and frequent volcanic eruptions. The interior consists of a volcanic plateau characterised by sand and lava fields, mountains, and glaciers, and many glacial rivers flow to the sea through the lowlands. Iceland is warmed by the Gulf Stream and has a temperate climate, despite a latitude just south of the Arctic Circle. Its high latitude and marine influence keep summers chilly, and most of its islands have a polar climate.
According to the ancient manuscript , the settlement of Iceland began in 874 AD when the Norwegian chieftain Ingólfr Arnarson became the first permanent settler on the island. In the following centuries, Norwegians, and to a lesser extent other Scandinavians, immigrated to Iceland, bringing with them thralls (i.e., slaves or serfs) of Gaelic origin.
The island was governed as an independent commonwealth under the native parliament, the Althing, one of the world's oldest functioning legislative assemblies. Following a period of civil strife, Iceland acceded to Norwegian rule in the 13th century. In 1397, Iceland followed Norway's integration into the Kalmar Union along with the kingdoms of Denmark and Sweden, coming under ''de facto'' Danish rule following its dissolution in 1523. The Danish kingdom introduced Lutheranism by force in 1550, and Iceland was formally ceded to Denmark in 1814 by the Treaty of Kiel.
Influenced by ideals of nationalism after the French Revolution, Iceland's struggle for independence took form and culminated in the Danish–Icelandic Act of Union in 1918, with the establishment of the Kingdom of Iceland, sharing through a personal union the incumbent monarch of Denmark. During the occupation of Denmark in World War II, Iceland voted overwhelmingly to become a republic in 1944, thus ending the remaining formal ties with Denmark. Although the Althing was suspended from 1799 to 1845, the island republic nevertheless holds a claim to sustaining one of the longest-running parliaments in the world.
Until the 20th century, Iceland relied largely on subsistence fishing and agriculture. Industrialization of the fisheries and Marshall Plan aid following World War II brought prosperity, and Iceland became one of the wealthiest and most developed nations in the world. It became a part of the European Economic Area in 1994; this further diversified the economy into sectors such as finance, biotechnology, and manufacturing.
Iceland has a market economy with relatively low taxes, compared to other OECD countries, as well as the highest trade union membership in the world. It maintains a Nordic social welfare system that provides universal health care and tertiary education for its citizens. Iceland ranks highly in international comparisons of national performance, such as quality of life, education, protection of civil liberties, government transparency, and economic freedom. Iceland has the smallest population of any NATO member and is the only one with no standing army, possessing only a lightly armed coast guard. Provided by Wikipedia
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301by Blondal, Katrin, Ingadottir, Brynja, Einarsdottir, Hildur, Bergs, Dorothea, Steingrimsdottir, Ingunn, Steindorsdottir, Sigrun, Gudmundsdottir, Gudbjorg, Hafsteinsdottir, ElinContributors: “...1 Surgical Division, Landspitali - The National University Hospital of Iceland, 13A, 101 Reykjavik...”
Published in International Journal for Quality in Health Care (2017)
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302by Gudbjartsson, Daniel F, Norddahl, Gudmundur L, Melsted, Pall, Gunnarsdottir, Kristbjorg, Holm, Hilma, Eythorsson, Elias, Arnthorsson, Asgeir O, Helgason, Dadi, Bjarnadottir, Kristbjorg, Ingvarsson, Ragnar F, Thorsteinsdottir, Brynja, Kristjansdottir, Steinunn, Birgisdottir, Kolbrun, Kristinsdottir, Anna M, Sigurdsson, Martin I, Arnadottir, Gudny A, Ivarsdottir, Erna V, Andresdottir, Margret, Jonsson, Frosti, Agustsdottir, Arna B, Berglund, Jonas, Eiriksdottir, Berglind, Fridriksdottir, Run, Gardarsdottir, Elisabet E, Gottfredsson, Magnus, Gretarsdottir, Olafia S, Gudmundsdottir, Steinunn, Gudmundsson, Kjartan R, Gunnarsdottir, Thora R, Gylfason, Arnaldur, Helgason, Agnar, Jensson, Brynjar O, Jonasdottir, Aslaug, Jonsson, Hakon, Kristjansson, Thordur, Kristinsson, Karl G, Magnusdottir, Droplaug N, Magnusson, Olafur T, Olafsdottir, Lovisa B, Rognvaldsson, Solvi, Le Roux, Louise, Sigmundsdottir, Gudrun, Sigurdsson, Asgeir, Sveinbjornsson, Gardar, Sveinsdottir, Kristin E, Sveinsdottir, Maney, Thorarensen, Emil A, Thorbjornsson, Bjarni, Thordardottir, Marianna, Saemundsdottir, JonaContributors: “...1 deCODE Genet Amgen, Sturlugata 8, IS-102 Reykjavik, Iceland Show more 2 Univ Iceland, Sch...”
Published in New England Journal of Medicine (2020)
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303by Gudmundsdottir, Asa B, Omarsdottir, Sesselja, Brynjolfsdottir, Asa, Paulsen, Berit S, Olafsdottir, Elin S, Freysdottir, JonaContributors: “...1Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Iceland, Hagi, Hofsvallagata 53, IS-107...”
Published in Immunology Letters (2015)
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304by Gudbjartsson, Daniel F, Helgason, Hannes, Gudjonsson, Sigurjon A, Zink, Florian, Oddson, Asmundur, Gylfason, Arnaldur, Besenbacher, Soren, Magnusson, Gisli, Halldorsson, Bjarni V, Hjartarson, Eirikur, Sigurdsson, Gunnar Th, Stacey, Simon N, Frigge, Michael L, Holm, Hilma, Saemundsdottir, Jona, Helgadottir, Hafdis Th, Johannsdottir, Hrefna, Sigfusson, Gunnlaugur, Thorgeirsson, Gudmundur, Sverrisson, Jon Th, Gretarsdottir, Solveig, Walters, G Bragi, Rafnar, Thorunn, Thjodleifsson, Bjarni, Bjornsson, Einar S, Olafsson, Sigurdur, Thorarinsdottir, Hildur, Steingrimsdottir, Thora, Gudmundsdottir, Thora S, Theodors, Asgeir, Jonasson, Jon G, Sigurdsson, Asgeir, Bjornsdottir, Gyda, Jonsson, Jon J, Thorarensen, Olafur, Ludvigsson, Petur, Gudbjartsson, Hakon, Eyjolfsson, Gudmundur I, Sigurdardottir, Olof, Olafsson, Isleifur, Arnar, David O, Magnusson, Olafur Th, Kong, Augustine, Masson, Gisli, Thorsteinsdottir, Unnur, Helgason, Agnar, Sulem, Patrick, Stefansson, KariContributors: “...1 Amgen Inc, DeCODE Genet, Reykjavik, Iceland 2 Univ Iceland, Sch Engn & Nat Sci, Reykjavik...”
Published in Nature Genetics (2015)
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305by Hjálmarsdóttir, Martha Á, Haraldsson, Gunnsteinn, Quirk, Sigríður Júlía, Haraldsson, Ásgeir, Erlendsdóttir, Helga, Kristinsson, Karl GContributors: “...1Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland. 2Department of Clinical...”
Published in PLOS ONE (2020)
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306by Thorsteinsdottir, Sigrun, Olafsdottir, Anna S., Brynjolfsdottir, Berglind, Bjarnason, Ragnar, Njardvik, UrdurContributors: “...a Department of Pediatrics, Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland b Faculty of Health...”
Published in Obesity Science & Practice (2021)
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307by Aegisdottir, Anna Lilja, Tryggvason, Geir, Jonsdottir, Anna Margret, Jonasson, Jon GunnlaugurContributors: “...1Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland. 2Department of Otorhinolaryngology...”
Published in APMIS (2020)
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308by Svavarsdottir, Erla Kolbrun, Sigurdardottir, Anna Olafia, Konradsdottir, Elisabet, Tryggvadottir, Gudny BergthoraContributors: “...1 University of Iceland, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Nursing, Reykjavik, Iceland. 2...”
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences (2019)
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309by Teitsdottir, Unnur Dilja, Arnardottir, Erna Sif, Bjornsdottir, Erla, Gislason, Thorarinn, Petersen, Petur HenryContributors: “..., University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland. udt1@hi.is. 2 Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland...”
Published in Sleep and Breathing (2018)
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310by Jonsson, Helgi, Olafsdottir, Sigurbjorg, Sigurdardottir, Solveig, Aspelund, Thor, Eiriksdottir, Gudny, Sigurdsson, Sigurdur, Harris, Tamara B, Launer, Lenore, Gudnason, VilmundurContributors: “...1 Univ Iceland, Landspitalinn Univ Hosp, Reykjavik, Iceland Organization-Enhanced Name...”
Published in BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders (2016)
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311by Thordardottir, Kolbrun, Gudmundsdottir, Ragnhildur, Zoëga, Helga, Valdimarsdottir, Unnur A, Gudmundsdottir, BerglindContributors: “...1 Univ Iceland, Ctr Publ Hlth Sci, Fac Med, IS-101 Reykjavik, Iceland 2 Univ Iceland, Fac Med...”
Published in Complementary Therapies in Medicine (2015)
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312by Palsson, Runolfur, Indridason, Olafur S, Edvardsson, Vidar O, Oddsson, AsmundurContributors: “...1 Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland...”
Published in Urolithiasis (2019)
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313by Ramel, A, Geirsdottir, O G, Jonsson, P V, Thorsdottiri, IContributors: “...1 Univ Iceland, Natl Univ Hosp Iceland, Unit Nutr Res, Reykjavik, Iceland Organization-Enhanced...”
Published in The journal of nutrition, health & aging (2015)
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314by Gunnarsdottir, Thora Jenny, Vilhjalmsson, Runar, Hjaltadottir, IngibjorgContributors: “...1 Faculty of Nursing, University of Iceland, Iceland. Electronic address: thoraj@hi.is. 2 Faculty...”
Published in Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice (2018)
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315by Sveinsdottir, Edda, Gottfredsdottir, Helga, Vernhardsdottir, Anna S, Tryggvadottir, Gudny B, Geirsson, Reynir TContributors: “...1 Midwifery Division, Faculty of Nursing, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland. 2 Department...”
Published in Birth (2019)
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316by Dagsdóttir, Heiður Mist, Sigurðardóttir, Bryndís, Gottfreðsson, Magnús, Kristjánsson, Már, Löve, Arthur, Baldvinsdóttir, Guðrún Erna, Guðmundsson, SigurðurContributors: “...1Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland. 2...”
Published in SpringerPlus (2015)
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317by Benediktsdóttir, Berglind Eva, Arason, Ari Jón, Halldórsson, Skarphédinn, Gudjónsson, Thórarinn, Másson, Már, Baldursson, OlafurContributors: “...Univ Iceland, Fac Pharmaceut Sci, Sch Hlth Sci, IS-107 Reykjavik, Iceland, Univ Iceland, Stem Cell...”
Published in Pharmaceutical Research (2013)
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318by Stefansdottir, Hrafnhildur, Arnar, David O, Aspelund, Thor, Sigurdsson, Sigurdur, Jonsdottir, Maria K, Hjaltason, Haukur, Launer, Lenore J, Gudnason, VilmundurContributors: “...Univ Iceland, Fac Med, Reykjavik, Iceland, Landspitali Natl Univ Hosp Iceland, Dept Med, Cardiovasc...”
Published in Stroke (2013)
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319by Edvardsson, Vidar O, Ingvarsdottir, Solborg E, Palsson, Runolfur, Indridason, Olafur SContributors: “...1 Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland. vidare...”
Published in Pediatric Nephrology (2018)
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320by Gunnarsdottir, Anna Ingibjorg, Gudjonsson, Hallgrimur, Hardardottir, Hjordis, Jonsdottir, Karen Drofn, Bjornsson, Einar StefanContributors: “...1 Natl Univ Hosp Iceland, Landspitali, Hosp Pharm, Reykjavik, Iceland Show the Organization...”
Published in Infectious Diseases (2017)
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