Iceland
![Norsemen landing in Iceland – a 19th-century depiction by [[Oscar Wergeland](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/Norsemen_Landing_in_Iceland.jpg)
Located on a rift between tectonic plates, Iceland's geologic activity includes geysers and frequent volcanic eruptions. The interior consists of a volcanic plateau characterised by sand and lava fields, mountains, and glaciers, and many glacial rivers flow to the sea through the lowlands. Iceland is warmed by the Gulf Stream and has a temperate climate, despite a latitude just south of the Arctic Circle. Its high latitude and marine influence keep summers chilly, and most of its islands have a polar climate.
According to the ancient manuscript , the settlement of Iceland began in 874 AD when the Norwegian chieftain Ingólfr Arnarson became the first permanent settler on the island. In the following centuries, Norwegians, and to a lesser extent other Scandinavians, immigrated to Iceland, bringing with them thralls (i.e., slaves or serfs) of Gaelic origin.
The island was governed as an independent commonwealth under the native parliament, the Althing, one of the world's oldest functioning legislative assemblies. Following a period of civil strife, Iceland acceded to Norwegian rule in the 13th century. In 1397, Iceland followed Norway's integration into the Kalmar Union along with the kingdoms of Denmark and Sweden, coming under ''de facto'' Danish rule following its dissolution in 1523. The Danish kingdom introduced Lutheranism by force in 1550, and Iceland was formally ceded to Denmark in 1814 by the Treaty of Kiel.
Influenced by ideals of nationalism after the French Revolution, Iceland's struggle for independence took form and culminated in the Danish–Icelandic Act of Union in 1918, with the establishment of the Kingdom of Iceland, sharing through a personal union the incumbent monarch of Denmark. During the occupation of Denmark in World War II, Iceland voted overwhelmingly to become a republic in 1944, thus ending the remaining formal ties with Denmark. Although the Althing was suspended from 1799 to 1845, the island republic nevertheless holds a claim to sustaining one of the longest-running parliaments in the world.
Until the 20th century, Iceland relied largely on subsistence fishing and agriculture. Industrialization of the fisheries and Marshall Plan aid following World War II brought prosperity, and Iceland became one of the wealthiest and most developed nations in the world. It became a part of the European Economic Area in 1994; this further diversified the economy into sectors such as finance, biotechnology, and manufacturing.
Iceland has a market economy with relatively low taxes, compared to other OECD countries, as well as the highest trade union membership in the world. It maintains a Nordic social welfare system that provides universal health care and tertiary education for its citizens. Iceland ranks highly in international comparisons of national performance, such as quality of life, education, protection of civil liberties, government transparency, and economic freedom. Iceland has the smallest population of any NATO member and is the only one with no standing army, possessing only a lightly armed coast guard. Provided by Wikipedia
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241by Eythorsson, Elias, Ásgeirsdóttir, Tinna L, Erlendsdóttir, Helga, Hrafnkelsson, Birgir, Kristinsson, Karl G, Haraldsson, ÁsgeirContributors: “...1Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland. 2Faculty of Economics, University...”
Published in PLOS ONE (2021)
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242by Stefansson, H, Tryggvadottir, L, Olafsdottir, E J, Mooney, E, Olafsson, J H, Sigurgeirsson, B, Jonasson, J GContributors: “...Univ Iceland, Fac Med, Reykjavik, Iceland, Landspitali, Dept Med, Reykjavik, Iceland, Iceland Canc...”
Published in Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology (2015)
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243by Kristinsdottir, Iris, Haraldsson, Asgeir, Löve, Arthur, Asgeirsdottir, Tinna Laufey, Thors, ValtyrContributors: “...1Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland; Children's Hospital Iceland...”
Published in Vaccine (2021)
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244by Ramel, Alfons, Arnarson, Atli, Geirsdottir, Olof G, Jonsson, Palmi V, Thorsdottir, IngaContributors: “...Univ Iceland, Natl Univ Hosp, Unit Nutr Res, Reykjavik, Iceland, Univ Iceland, Fac Food Sci & Nutr...”
Published in Nutrition (2014)
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245by Sveinsdóttir, Hildigunnur, Björnsdóttir, Jana Birta, Erlendsdóttir, Helga, Hjálmarsdóttir, Martha Á, Hrafnkelsson, Birgir, Haraldsson, Ásgeir, Kristinsson, Karl G, Haraldsson, GunnsteinnContributors: “...1 University of Iceland, Faculty of Medicine, Reykjavík, Iceland. 2 Department of Clinical...”
Published in Journal of Clinical Microbiology (2019)
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246by Runarsdottir, Eydis E, Gunnarsdottir, Anna I, Love, Thorvardur J, Gunnarsson, Petur S, Gudbjornsson, BjornContributors: “...1 Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland. 2 Faculty...”
Published 2019
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247by Skuladottir, Sigrun Sunna, Gudmundsdottir, Elisabet, Mogensen, Brynjólfur, Masdottir, Helga Rosa, Gudmundsdottir, Hlif, Jonsdottir, Lovisa Agnes, Sigurthorsdottir, Ingibjörg, Torfadottir, Johanna E, Thorsteinsdottir, ThordisContributors: “...1 Research Institute in Emergency Care, Landspitali National University Hospital of Iceland...”
Published in International Journal of Orthopaedic and Trauma Nursing (2019)
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248by Löve, Arthur, Björnsdottir, Thora B., Olafsson, Sigurdur, Björnsson, Einar S.Contributors: “...1 Univ Iceland, Fac Med, Reykjavik, Iceland Show more 2 Natl Univ Hosp Iceland, Dept Virol...”
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology (2018)
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249by Styrkarsdottir, Unnur, Lund, Sigrun H, Saevarsdottir, Saedis, Magnusson, Magnus I, Gunnarsdottir, Kristbjorg, Norddahl, Gudmundur L, Frigge, Michael L, Ivarsdottir, Erna V, Bjornsdottir, Gyda, Holm, Hilma, Thorgeirsson, Gudmundur, Rafnar, Thorunn, Jonsdottir, Ingileif, Ingvarsson, Thorvaldur, Jonsson, Helgi, Sulem, Patrick, Thorsteinsdottir, Unnur, Gudbjartsson, Daniel, Stefansson, KariContributors: “...1deCODE genetics, Inc., Reykjavik, Iceland. 2deCODE genetics, Inc., University of Iceland...”
Published in Arthritis & Rheumatology (2022)
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250by Bjarnason, Thorarinn A, Kristinsdottir, Linda B, Oskarsdottir, Erna S, Hafthorsson, Steinar O, Olafsson, Isleifur, Lund, Sigrun H, Andersen, KarlContributors: “... of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland University of Iceland, School of Health Sciences, Reykjavik, Iceland. 2...”
Published in European Heart Journal: Acute Cardiovascular Care (2017)
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251by Björnsson, Einar S, Gunnarsson, Baldvin I, Gröndal, Gerdur, Jonasson, Jon G, Einarsdottir, Rannveig, Ludviksson, Björn R, Gudbjörnsson, Björn, Olafsson, SigurdurContributors: “...1Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology...”
Published in Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2015)
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252by Hrafnkelsson, Hannes, Sigurdsson, Gunnar, Magnusson, Kristjan Th, Sigurdsson, Emil L, Johannsson, ErlingurContributors: “...Univ Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland, Seltjarnarnes Hlth Care Ctr, Reykjavik, Iceland, Univ Hosp...”
Published in Journal of Bone and Mineral Metabolism (2013)
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253by Gudbjornsson, Brynjar Thor, Haraldsson, Ásgeir, Einarsdóttir, Hildur, Thorarensen, ÓlafurContributors: “...Univ Iceland, Fac Med, Reykjavik, Iceland, Landspitali Univ Hosp Iceland, Childrens Hosp Iceland...”
Published in Pediatric Neurology (2016)
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254by Axelsson, Tomas A, Hrafnkelsson, Jon, Olafsdottir, Elinborg J, Jonasson, Jon GContributors: “...Univ Iceland, Fac Med, Reykjavik, Iceland, Natl Univ Hosp Iceland, Dept Oncol, Reykjavik, Iceland...”
Published in Thyroid (2015)
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255by Love, Thorvardur Jon, Wessman, Inga, Gislason, Gauti Kjartan, Rognvaldsson, Saemundur, Thorsteinsdottir, Sigrun, Sigurdardottir, Gudrun Asta, Thordardottir, Asdis Rosa, Eythorsson, Elias, Asgeirsdottir, Tinna Laufey, Aspelund, Thor, Bjornsson, Andri Steinthor, Kristinsson, Sigurdur YngviContributors: “...1Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland. 2Faculty of Psychology, University...”
Published in Journal of Internal Medicine (2022)
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256by Hrafnkelsson, Hannes, Magnusson, Kristjan Th, Thorsdottir, Inga, Johannsson, Erlingur, Sigurdsson, Emil LContributors: “...Univ Iceland, Dept Family Med, Reykjavik, Iceland, Univ Iceland, Sch Educ, Seltjarnarnes Hlth Care...”
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Primary Health Care (2015)
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257Contributors: “...University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland...”
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258by Thorsson, Bolli, Steingrimsdottir, Laufey, Halldorsdottir, Sigrun, Andersen, Karl, Sigurdsson, Gunnar, Aspelund, Thor, Gudnason, VilmundurContributors: “...Iceland Heart Assoc, IS-200 Kopavogur, Iceland Univ Iceland, Unit Nutr Res Reykjavik, Reykjavik...”
Published in European Heart Journal (2014)
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259by Sigurjonsdottir, Kristin, Bjorgulfsson, Thorir M, Aspelund, Thor, Eiriksdottir, Gudny, Sigurdsson, Sigurdur, Ingvarsson, Thorvaldur, Harris, Tamara B, Launer, Lenore, Gudnason, Vilmundur, Jonsson, HelgiContributors: “...Univ Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland, Iceland Heart Assoc, Kopavogur, Iceland, Akureyri Cent Hosp...”
Published in BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders (2013)
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260by Hlodversdottir, Heidrun, Petursdottir, Gudrun, Carlsen, Hanne Krage, Gislason, Thorarinn, Hauksdottir, ArnaContributors: “...1Centre of Public Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland. 2Faculty of Nursing...”
Published in BMJ Open (2016)
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