Gong
A gong is a percussion instrument originating in East Asia and Southeast Asia. A gong is a flat, circular metal disc that is typically struck with a mallet. They can be small or large in size, and tuned or can require tuning.The earliest possible depictions of gongs is from the details on the surface of the Ngọc Lũ I bronze drum (c. 3rd to 2nd century BC) from the Dong Son culture of northern Vietnam. It depicts what looks like seven-gong ensembles along with other instruments (including cymbals/bells and the bronze drums themselves). The oldest undisputed historical mention of gongs can be found in sixth century AD Chinese records, which mentioned it as a foreign instrument that came from a country between Tibet and Burma. The term ''gong'' () originated in the Indonesian island of Java. Scientific and archaeological research has established that Burma, China, Java and Annam were the four main gong manufacturing centres of the ancient world. The gong found its way into the Western World in the 18th century, when it was also used in the percussion section of a Western-style symphony orchestra. A form of bronze cauldron gong known as a resting bell was widely used in ancient Greece and Rome: for instance in the famous Oracle of Dodona, where disc gongs were also used.
Gongs generally fall into three types: Suspended gongs are more or less flat, circular discs of metal suspended vertically by means of a cord passed through holes near to the top rim. Bossed or nipple gongs have a raised centre boss or knob and are often suspended and played horizontally. Bowl gongs are bowl-shaped and rest on cushions. The latter may be considered a member of the bell category. Gongs are made mainly from bronze or brass, though there are many other alloys in use.
Gongs produce two distinct types of sound. A gong with a substantially flat surface vibrates in multiple modes, giving a "crash" rather than a tuned note. This category of gong is sometimes called a tam-tam, to distinguish it from the bossed gongs that give a tuned note. In Indonesian gamelan ensembles, some bossed gongs are deliberately made to generate an additional beat note in the range from about 1 to 5 Hz. The use of the term "gong" for both these types of instrument is common. Provided by Wikipedia
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1561by Abbatt, Jonathan, P. D., Leaitch, W. Richard, Aliabadi, Amir A., Bertram, Allan, K., Blanchet, Jean-Pierre, Boivin-Rioux, Aude, Bozem, Heiko, Burkart, Julia, Chang, Rachel Y. W., Charette, Joannie, Chaubey, Jai P., Christensen, Robert J., Cirisan, Ana, Collins, Douglas B., Croft, Betty, Dionne, Joelle, Evans, Greg J., Fletcher, Christopher G., Gali, Marti, Ghahremaninezhad, Roghayeh, Girard, Eric, Gong, Wanmin, Gosselin, Michel, Gourdal, Margaux, Hanna, Sarah, J., Hayashida, Hakase, Herber, Andreas B., Hesaraki, Sareh, Hoor, Peter, Huang, Lin, Hussherr, Rachel, Irish, Victoria, E., Keita, Setigui A., Kodros, John K., Köllner, Franziska, Kolonjari, Felicia, Kunkel, Daniel, Ladino, Luis A., Law, Kathy S., Levasseur, Maurice, Libois, Quentin, Liggio, John, Lizotte, Martine, Macdonald, Katrina M., Mahmood, Rashed, Martin, Randall V., Mason, Ryan H., Miller, Lisa A., Moravek, Alexander, Mortenson, Eric, Mungall, Emma L., Murphy, Jennifer, G., Namazi, Maryam, Norman, Ann-Lise, O'Neill, Norman T., Pierce, Jeffrey R., Russell, Lynn M., Schneider, Johannes, M., Schulz, Hannes, Sharma, Sangeeta, Si, Meng, Staebler, Ralf M., Steiner, Nadja S., Thomas, Jennie, L., von Salzen, Knut, Wentzell, Jeremy J. B., Willis, Megan, Wentworth, Gregory R., Xu, Jun-Wei, Yakobi-Hancock, Jacqueline D.Get access
Published in Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (2019)
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1562by Abbatt, Jonathan, P. D., Leaitch, W. Richard, Aliabadi, Amir A., Bertram, Allan, K., Blanchet, Jean-Pierre, Boivin-Rioux, Aude, Bozem, Heiko, Burkart, Julia, Chang, Rachel Y. W., Charette, Joannie, Chaubey, Jai P., Christensen, Robert J., Cirisan, Ana, Collins, Douglas B., Croft, Betty, Dionne, Joelle, Evans, Greg J., Fletcher, Christopher G., Gali, Marti, Ghahremaninezhad, Roghayeh, Girard, Eric, Gong, Wanmin, Gosselin, Michel, Gourdal, Margaux, Hanna, Sarah, J., Hayashida, Hakase, Herber, Andreas B., Hesaraki, Sareh, Hoor, Peter, Huang, Lin, Hussherr, Rachel, Irish, Victoria, E., Keita, Setigui A., Kodros, John K., Köllner, Franziska, Kolonjari, Felicia, Kunkel, Daniel, Ladino, Luis A., Law, Kathy S., Levasseur, Maurice, Libois, Quentin, Liggio, John, Lizotte, Martine, Macdonald, Katrina M., Mahmood, Rashed, Martin, Randall V., Mason, Ryan H., Miller, Lisa A., Moravek, Alexander, Mortenson, Eric, Mungall, Emma L., Murphy, Jennifer, G., Namazi, Maryam, Norman, Ann-Lise, O'Neill, Norman T., Pierce, Jeffrey R., Russell, Lynn M., Schneider, Johannes, M., Schulz, Hannes, Sharma, Sangeeta, Si, Meng, Staebler, Ralf M., Steiner, Nadja S., Thomas, Jennie, L., von Salzen, Knut, Wentzell, Jeremy J. B., Willis, Megan, Wentworth, Gregory R., Xu, Jun-Wei, Yakobi-Hancock, Jacqueline D.Get access
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1563by Abbatt, Jonathan, P. D., Leaitch, W. Richard, Aliabadi, Amir A., Bertram, Allan, K., Blanchet, Jean-Pierre, Boivin-Rioux, Aude, Bozem, Heiko, Burkart, Julia, Chang, Rachel Y. W., Charette, Joannie, Chaubey, Jai P., Christensen, Robert J., Cirisan, Ana, Collins, Douglas B., Croft, Betty, Dionne, Joelle, Evans, Greg J., Fletcher, Christopher G., Gali, Marti, Ghahremaninezhad, Roghayeh, Girard, Eric, Gong, Wanmin, Gosselin, Michel, Gourdal, Margaux, Hanna, Sarah, J., Hayashida, Hakase, Herber, Andreas B., Hesaraki, Sareh, Hoor, Peter, Huang, Lin, Hussherr, Rachel, Irish, Victoria, E., Keita, Setigui A., Kodros, John K., Köllner, Franziska, Kolonjari, Felicia, Kunkel, Daniel, Ladino, Luis A., Law, Kathy S., Levasseur, Maurice, Libois, Quentin, Liggio, John, Lizotte, Martine, Macdonald, Katrina M., Mahmood, Rashed, Martin, Randall V., Mason, Ryan H., Miller, Lisa A., Moravek, Alexander, Mortenson, Eric, Mungall, Emma L., Murphy, Jennifer, G., Namazi, Maryam, Norman, Ann-Lise, O'Neill, Norman T., Pierce, Jeffrey R., Russell, Lynn M., Schneider, Johannes, M., Schulz, Hannes, Sharma, Sangeeta, Si, Meng, Staebler, Ralf M., Steiner, Nadja S., Thomas, Jennie, L., von Salzen, Knut, Wentzell, Jeremy J. B., Willis, Megan, Wentworth, Gregory R., Xu, Jun-Wei, Yakobi-Hancock, Jacqueline D.Get access
Published in Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (2019)
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1564by Abbatt, Jonathan, P. D., Leaitch, W. Richard, Aliabadi, Amir A., Bertram, Allan, K., Blanchet, Jean-Pierre, Boivin-Rioux, Aude, Bozem, Heiko, Burkart, Julia, Chang, Rachel Y. W., Charette, Joannie, Chaubey, Jai P., Christensen, Robert J., Cirisan, Ana, Collins, Douglas B., Croft, Betty, Dionne, Joelle, Evans, Greg J., Fletcher, Christopher G., Gali, Marti, Ghahremaninezhad, Roghayeh, Girard, Eric, Gong, Wanmin, Gosselin, Michel, Gourdal, Margaux, Hanna, Sarah, J., Hayashida, Hakase, Herber, Andreas B., Hesaraki, Sareh, Hoor, Peter, Huang, Lin, Hussherr, Rachel, Irish, Victoria, E., Keita, Setigui A., Kodros, John K., Köllner, Franziska, Kolonjari, Felicia, Kunkel, Daniel, Ladino, Luis A., Law, Kathy S., Levasseur, Maurice, Libois, Quentin, Liggio, John, Lizotte, Martine, Macdonald, Katrina M., Mahmood, Rashed, Martin, Randall V., Mason, Ryan H., Miller, Lisa A., Moravek, Alexander, Mortenson, Eric, Mungall, Emma L., Murphy, Jennifer, G., Namazi, Maryam, Norman, Ann-Lise, O'Neill, Norman T., Pierce, Jeffrey R., Russell, Lynn M., Schneider, Johannes, M., Schulz, Hannes, Sharma, Sangeeta, Si, Meng, Staebler, Ralf M., Steiner, Nadja S., Thomas, Jennie, L., von Salzen, Knut, Wentzell, Jeremy J. B., Willis, Megan, Wentworth, Gregory R., Xu, Jun-Wei, Yakobi-Hancock, Jacqueline D.Get access
Published in Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (2019)
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1565by Siegel, David A., Cetinić, Ivona, Graff, Jason R., Lee, Craig M., Nelson, Norman, Perry, Mary Jane, Ramos, Inia Soto, Steinberg, Deborah K., Buesseler, Ken, Hamme, Roberta, Fassbender, Andrea J., Nicholson, David, Omand, Melissa M., Robert, Marie, Thompson, Andrew, Amaral, Vinicius, Behrenfeld, Michael, Benitez-Nelson, Claudia, Bisson, Kelsey, Boss, Emmanuel, Boyd, Philip W., Brzezinski, Mark, Buck, Kristen, Burd, Adrian, Burns, Shannon, Caprara, Salvatore, Carlson, Craig, Cassar, Nicolas, Close, Hilary, D'Asaro, Eric, Durkin, Colleen, Erickson, Zachary, Estapa, Margaret L., Fields, Erik, Fox, James, Freeman, Scott, Gifford, Scott, Gong, Weida, Gray, Deric, Guidi, Lionel, Haëntjens, Nils, Halsey, Kim, Huot, Yannick, Hansell, Dennis, Jenkins, Bethany, Karp-Boss, Lee, Kramer, Sasha, Lam, Phoebe, Lee, Jong-Mi, Maas, Amy, Marchal, Olivier, Marchetti, Adrian, McDonnell, Andrew, McNair, Heather, Menden-Deuer, Susanne, Morison, Francoise, Niebergall, Alexandria K., Passow, Uta, Popp, Brian, Potvin, Geneviève, Resplandy, Laure, Roca-MartÃ, Montserrat, Roesler, Collin, Rynearson, Tatiana, Traylor, Shawnee, Santoro, Alyson, Seraphin, Kanesa Duncan, Sosik, Heidi M., Stamieszkin, Karen, Stephens, Brandon, Tang, Weiyi, Van Mooy, Benjamin, Xiong, Yuanheng, Zhang, XiaodongGet access
Published 2021
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1566by Patel, RS, Schmidt, AF, Tragante, V, McCubrey, RO, Holmes, MV, Howe, LJ, Direk, K, Åkerblom, A, Leander, K, Virani, SS, Kaminski, KA, Kuukasjärvi, P, Lee, V-V, Leiherer, A, Lenzini, PA, Levin, D, Lyytikäinen, L-P, Martinelli, N, Mons, U, Nelson, CP, Nikus, K, Drexel, H, Pilbrow, AP, Ploski, R, Sun, YV, Tanck, MWT, Tang, WHW, Trompet, S, van der Laan, SW, Van Setten, J, Vilmundarson, RO, Viviani Anselmi, C, Engert, JC, Vlachopoulou, E, Boerwinkle, E, Briguori, C, Carlquist, JF, Carruthers, KF, Casu, G, Deanfield, J, Deloukas, P, Dudbridge, F, Fitzpatrick, N, Fox, KAA, Gigante, B, James, S, Lokki, M-L, Lotufo, PA, Marziliano, N, Mordi, IR, Muhlestein, JB, Newton-Cheh, C, Pitha, J, Saely, CH, Girelli, D, Samman-Tahhan, A, Sandesara, PB, Teren, A, Timmis, A, Van de Werf, F, Wauters, E, Wilde, AAM, Ford, I, Stott, DJ, Algra, A, Hagström, E, Andreassi, MG, Ardissino, D, Arsenault, BJ, Ballantyne, CM, Bergmeijer, TO, Bezzina, CR, Body, SC, Bogaty, P, de Borst, GJ, Brenner, H, Hazen, SL, Burkhardt, R, Carpeggiani, C, Condorelli, G, Cooper-DeHoff, RM, Cresci, S, de Faire, U, Doughty, RN, Held, C, Hemingway, H, Hoefer, IE, Hovingh, GK, Muehlschlegel, JD, Johnson, JA, de Jong, PA, Jukema, JW, Kaczor, MP, Kähönen, M, Kettner, J, Kiliszek, M, Klungel, OH, Lagerqvist, B, Lambrechts, D, Dubé, M-P, Laurikka, JO, Lehtimäki, T, Lindholm, D, Mahmoodi, BK, Maitland-van der Zee, AH, McPherson, R, Melander, O, Metspalu, A, Pepinski, W, Olivieri, O, Allayee, H, Opolski, G, Palmer, CN, Pasterkamp, G, Pepine, CJ, Pereira, AC, Pilote, L, Quyyumi, AA, Richards, AM, Sanak, M, Scholz, M, Almgren, P, Siegbahn, A, Sinisalo, J, Smith, JG, Spertus, JA, Stewart, AFR, Szczeklik, W, Szpakowicz, A, Ten Berg, JM, Thanassoulis, G, Thiery, J, Alver, M, van der Graaf, Y, Visseren, FLJ, Waltenberger, J, Van der Harst, P, Tardif, J-C, Sattar, N, Lang, CC, Paré, G, Brophy, JM, Anderson, JL, Baranova, EV, März, W, Wallentin, L, Cameron, VA, Horne, BD, Samani, NJ, Hingorani, AD, Asselbergs, FW, Behlouli, H, Boeckx, B, Braund, PS, Breitling, LP, Delgado, G, Duarte, NE, Dufresne, L, Eriksson, N, Foco, L, Gijsberts, CM, Gong, Y, Hartiala, J, Heydarpour, M, Hubacek, JA, Kleber, M, Kofink, DGet access
Published in Circulation: Genomic and Precision Medicine (2019)
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1567by Patel, R, Tragante, V, Schmidt, AF, McCubrey, RO, Holmes, MV, Howe, LJ, Direk, K, Åkerblom, A, Leander, K, Virani, SS, Kaminski, KA, Doughty, RN, Drexel, H, Muehlschlegel, JD, Engert, JC, Fox, KAA, Girelli, D, Grobbee, DE, Hagström, E, Hazen, SL, Held, C, Breitling, LP, Hemingway, H, Hoefer, IE, Hovingh, GK, Allayee, H, Jabbari, R, Johnson, JA, Jukema, JW, Kaczor, MP, Kähönen, M, Kettner, J, Delgado, G, Kiliszek, M, Klungel, OH, Lagerqvist, B, Lambrechts, D, Almgren, P, Laurikka, JO, Lehtimäki, T, Lindholm, D, Mahmoodi, BK, Maitland-van der Zee, AH, Duarte, NE, McPherson, R, Melander, O, Metspalu, A, Niemcunowicz-Janica, A, Olivieri, O, Alver, M, Opolski, G, Palmer, CN, Pasterkamp, G, Pepine, CJ, Dubé, M-P, Pereira, AC, Pilote, L, Quyyumi, AA, Richards, AM, Sanak, M, Siegbahn, A, Baranova, EV, Simon, T, Sinisalo, J, Smith, JG, Dufresne, L, Spertus, JA, Stender, S, Stewart, AFR, Szczeklik, W, Szpakowicz, A, Tardif, J-C, Ten Berg, JM, Behlouli, H, Tfelt-Hansen, J, Thanassoulis, G, Eriksson, N, Thiery, J, Torp-Pedersen, C, van der Graaf, Y, Visseren, FLJ, Waltenberger, J, Weeke, PE, Van der Harst, P, Lang, CC, Boeckx, B, Sattar, N, Foco, L, Cameron, VA, Anderson, JL, Brophy, JM, Paré, G, Horne, BD, März, W, Wallentin, L, Samani, NJ, Hingorani, AD, Braund, PS, Scholz, M, Asselbergs, FW, Gijsberts, CM, Glinge, C, Brugts, JJ, Gong, Y, Hartiala, J, Heydarpour, M, Hubacek, JA, Kleber, M, Kofink, D, Kotti, S, Kuukasjärvi, P, Lee, V-V, Leiherer, A, Burkhardt, R, Lenzini, PA, Levin, D, Lyytikäinen, L-P, Martinelli, N, Mons, U, Nelson, CP, Nikus, K, Pilbrow, AP, Ploski, R, Sun, YV, Carpeggiani, C, Tanck, MWT, Tang, WHW, Trompet, S, van der Laan, SW, Van Setten, J, Vilmundarson, RO, Viviani Anselmi, C, Vlachopoulou, E, Al Ali, L, Boerwinkle, E, Condorelli, G, Briguori, C, Carlquist, JF, Carruthers, KF, Casu, G, Deanfield, J, Deloukas, P, Dudbridge, F, Engström, T, Fitzpatrick, N, Fox, K, Cooper-DeHoff, RM, Gigante, B, James, S, Lokki, M-L, Lotufo, PA, Marziliano, N, Mordi, IR, Muhlestein, JB, Newton-Cheh, C, Pitha, J, Saely, CH, Cresci, S, Samman-Tahhan, A, Sandesara, PB, Teren, A, Timmis, A, Van de Werf, F, Wauters, E, Wilde, AAM, Ford, I, Stott, DJ, Algra, A, Danchin, N, Andreassi, MG, Ardissino, D, Arsenault, BJ, Ballantyne, CM, Bergmeijer, TO, Bezzina, CR, Body, SC, Boersma, EH, Bogaty, P, Bots, M, de Faire, U, Brenner, HGet access
Published in Circulation: Genomic and Precision Medicine (2019)
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1568by Jonathan P. D. Abbatt (Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto), W. Richard Leaitch (Environment and Climate Change Canada), Amir A. Aliabadi (School of Engineering, University of Guelph), Allan K. Bertram (Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia), Jean-Pierre Blanchet (Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Université du Québec à Montréal), Aude Boivin-Rioux (Institut des sciences de la mer de Rimouski, Université du Québec à Rimouski), Heiko Bozem (Institute for Atmospheric Physics, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz), Julia Burkart (Aerosol Physics and Environmental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna), Rachel Y. W. Chang (Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie University), Joannie Charette (Institut des sciences de la mer de Rimouski, Université du Québec à Rimouski), Jai P. Chaubey (Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie University), Robert J. Christensen (Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto), Ana Cirisan (Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Université du Québec à Montréal), Douglas B. Collins (Department of Chemistry, Bucknell University), Betty Croft (Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie University), Joelle Dionne (Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie University), Greg J. Evans (Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto), Christopher G. Fletcher (Department of Geography and Environmental Management, University of Waterloo), Martí Galí (Department of Biology, Université Laval), Roghayeh Ghahremaninezhad (Environment and Climate Change Canada), Eric Girard (Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Université du Québec à Montréal), Wanmin Gong (Environment and Climate Change Canada), Michel Gosselin (Institut des sciences de la mer de Rimouski, Université du Québec à Rimouski), Margaux Gourdal (Department of Biology, Université Laval), Sarah J. Hanna (Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia), Hakase Hayashida (School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, University of Victoria), Andreas B. Herber (Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research), Sareh Hesaraki (Centre d'Applications et de Recherches en Télédétection, Université de Sherbrooke), Peter Hoor (Institute for Atmospheric Physics, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz), Lin Huang (Environment and Climate Change Canada), Rachel Hussherr (Department of Biology, Université Laval), Victoria E. Irish (Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia), Setigui A. Keita (Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Université du Québec à Montréal), John K. Kodros (Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University), Franziska Köllner (Institute for Atmospheric Physics, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz), Felicia Kolonjari (Environment and Climate Change Canada), Daniel Kunkel (Institute for Atmospheric Physics, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz), Luis A. Ladino (Centro de Ciencias de la Atmósfera, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México), Kathy Law (ATMOS/IPSL, Sorbonne Université, UVSQ, CNRS), Maurice Levasseur (Department of Biology, Université Laval), Quentin Libois (Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Université du Québec à Montréal), John Liggio (Environment and Climate Change Canada), Martine Lizotte (Department of Biology, Université Laval), Katrina M. Macdonald (Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto), Rashed Mahmood (School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, University of Victoria), Randall V. Martin (Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie University), Ryan H. Mason (Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia), Lisa A. Miller (Institute of Ocean Sciences, Fisheries and Oceans Canada), Alexander Moravek (Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto), Eric Mortenson (School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, University of Victoria)Get access
Published in Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (2019)
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1569by Shi, GongchenContributors: “...Gong, Peng...”
Published 1994
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Master Thesis -
1570by Moreau, Darek T. R., Gamperl, A. Kurt, Fletcher, Garth L., Fleming, Ian A.Contributors: “...Gong, Zhiyuan...”
Published in PLoS ONE (2014)
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1575by Ji Chen, WenyuanContributors: “...Beijing gong ye xue yuan...”
Published 2020
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Master Thesis -
1576Published in Journal of Geophysical Research (2008)Contributors: “...Zhang, Gong (author)...”
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1577Published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres (2012)Contributors: “...Gong, Gavin (author)...”
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1578Published in Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society (2022)Contributors: “...Gong, Jie (author)...”
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1579by Pihlainen, SampoContributors: “...Gong, Peichen...”
Published 2017
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Doctoral or Postdoctoral Thesis -
1580Published in Geophysical Research Letters (2021)Contributors: “...Gong, Dao‐Yi (author)...”
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