Gong
A gong is a percussion instrument originating in East Asia and Southeast Asia. A gong is a flat, circular metal disc that is typically struck with a mallet. They can be small or large in size, and tuned or can require tuning.The earliest possible depictions of gongs is from the details on the surface of the Ngọc Lũ I bronze drum (c. 3rd to 2nd century BC) from the Dong Son culture of northern Vietnam. It depicts what looks like seven-gong ensembles along with other instruments (including cymbals/bells and the bronze drums themselves). The oldest undisputed historical mention of gongs can be found in sixth century AD Chinese records, which mentioned it as a foreign instrument that came from a country between Tibet and Burma. The term ''gong'' () originated in the Indonesian island of Java. Scientific and archaeological research has established that Burma, China, Java and Annam were the four main gong manufacturing centres of the ancient world. The gong found its way into the Western World in the 18th century, when it was also used in the percussion section of a Western-style symphony orchestra. A form of bronze cauldron gong known as a resting bell was widely used in ancient Greece and Rome: for instance in the famous Oracle of Dodona, where disc gongs were also used.
Gongs generally fall into three types: Suspended gongs are more or less flat, circular discs of metal suspended vertically by means of a cord passed through holes near to the top rim. Bossed or nipple gongs have a raised centre boss or knob and are often suspended and played horizontally. Bowl gongs are bowl-shaped and rest on cushions. The latter may be considered a member of the bell category. Gongs are made mainly from bronze or brass, though there are many other alloys in use.
Gongs produce two distinct types of sound. A gong with a substantially flat surface vibrates in multiple modes, giving a "crash" rather than a tuned note. This category of gong is sometimes called a tam-tam, to distinguish it from the bossed gongs that give a tuned note. In Indonesian gamelan ensembles, some bossed gongs are deliberately made to generate an additional beat note in the range from about 1 to 5 Hz. The use of the term "gong" for both these types of instrument is common. Provided by Wikipedia
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1441by Zhang, Hui, Yu, Zhouyi, Liang, Ensi, Yang, Ming, Ashley, Michael C. B., Cui, Xiangqun, Du, Fujia, Fu, Jianning, Gong, Xuefei, Gu, Bozhong, Hu, Yi, Jiang, Peng, Liu, Huigen, Lawrence, Jon, Liu, Qiang, Li, Xiaoyan, Li, Zhengyang, Ma, Bin, Mould, Jeremy, Shang, Zhaohui, Suntzeff, Nicholas B., Tao, Charling, Tian, Qiguo, Tinney, C. G., Uddin, Syed A., Wang, Lifan, Wang, Songhu, Wang, Xiaofeng, Wei, Peng, Wright, Duncan, Wu, Xuefeng, Wittenmyer, Robert A., Xu, Lingzhe, Yang, Shi-hai, Yu, Ce, Yuan, Xiangyan, Zheng, Jessica, Zhou, Hongyan, Zhou, Ji-lin, Zhu, ZhenxiGet access
Published in The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series (2018)
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1442by Alessandra D'Angelo, Brice Loose, Valentine Kass, Holly Morin, Humair Raziuddin, Nikolas VanKeersbilck, Tristan Rivera, Krystian Kopka, Yoana Boleaga, Korenna Estes, Andrea Nodal, Ericka Schulze, Theressa Ewa, Mirella Shaban, Samira Umar, Rosanyely Santana, Jacob Strock, Erich Gruebel, Michael Digilio, Edward Struzik, Rick Ludkin, Donglai Gong, Zak Kerrigan, Mia Otokiak, Frances Crable, Cynthia Garcia, Nicole Trenholm, Triston Millstone, Kevin Montenegro, Melvin Kim, Gibson Porter, Tomer Ketter, David Clark, Jessica Kaelblein, William Clark, Robert Elfstrom, Bruce Elfstrom, Raymond Day, Juliana Hanle, Sarah Scriver, Gail Scowcroft, Christopher Knowlton, Andrea GingrasGet access
Published 2022
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1443by Alessandra D'Angelo, Brice Loose, Valentine Kass, Holly Morin, Humair Raziuddin, Nikolas VanKeersbilck, Tristan Rivera, Krystian Kopka, Yoana Boleaga, Korenna Estes, Andrea Nodal, Ericka Schulze, Theressa Ewa, Mirella Shaban, Samira Umar, Rosanyely Santana, Jacob Strock, Erich Gruebel, Michael Digilio, Edward Struzik, Rick Ludkin, Donglai Gong, Zak Kerrigan, Mia Otokiak, Frances Crable, Cynthia Garcia, Nicole Trenholm, Triston Millstone, Kevin Montenegro, Melvin Kim, Gibson Porter, Tomer Ketter, David Clark, Jessica Kaelblein, William Clark, Robert Elfstrom, Bruce Elfstrom, Raymond Day, Juliana Hanle, Sarah Scriver, Gail Scowcroft, Christopher Knowlton, Andrea GingrasGet access
Published 2022
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1444by Alessandra D'Angelo, Brice Loose, Valentine Kass, Holly Morin, Humair Raziuddin, Nikolas VanKeersbilck, Tristan Rivera, Krystian Kopka, Yoana Boleaga, Korenna Estes, Andrea Nodal, Ericka Schulze, Theressa Ewa, Mirella Shaban, Samira Umar, Rosanyely Santana, Jacob Strock, Erich Gruebel, Michael Digilio, Edward Struzik, Rick Ludkin, Donglai Gong, Zak Kerrigan, Mia Otokiak, Frances Crable, Cynthia Garcia, Nicole Trenholm, Triston Millstone, Kevin Montenegro, Melvin Kim, Gibson Porter, Tomer Ketter, David Clark, Jessica Kaelblein, William Clark, Robert Elfstrom, Bruce Elfstrom, Raymond Day, Juliana Hanle, Sarah Scriver, Gail Scowcroft, Christopher Knowlton, Andrea GingrasGet access
Published 2022
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1445by Koch, D., Schulz, M, Kinne, S., Mcnaughton, C., Spackman, J. R., Balkanski, Yves, Bauer, S., Berntsen, T., Bond, T., C, Boucher, O., Chin, M., Clarke, A., de Luca, N, Dentener, F., Diehl, T., Dubovik, O., Easter, R., Fahey, D., Feichter, J., Fillmore, D., Freitag, S., Ghan, S., Ginoux, P., Gong, S., Horowitz, L., Iversen, T., Kirkevåg, A., Klimont, Z., Kondo, Y., Krol, M., Liu, X., Miller, R., Montanaro, V., Moteki, N., Myhre, G., Penner, J., Perlwitz, J., Pitari, G., Reddy, S., Sahu, L., Sakamoto, H., Schuster, G., Schwarz, J., P, Seland, Ø, Stier, P., Takegawa, N., Takemura, T., Textor, C., van Aardenne, J., A, Zhao, Y.Get access
Published in Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (2009)
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1446by Liang, En-Si, Zhang, Hui, Yu, Zhouyi, Yang, Ming, Zhou, Ji-Lin, Ashley, Michael C.B., Cui, Xiangqun, Du, Fujia, Fu, Jianning, Gong, Xuefei, Gu, Bozhong, Hu, Lei, Hu, Yi, Jiang, Peng, Liu, Huigen, Lawrence, Jon, Liu, Qiang, Li, Xiaoyan, Li, Zhengyang, Ma, Bin, Mould, Jeremy, Shang, Zhaohui, Sun, Tianrui, Suntzeff, Nicholas B., Tao, Charling, Tian, Qiguo, Tinney, C.G., Uddin, Syed A., Wang, Lifan, Wang, Songhu, Wang, Xiaofeng, Wei, Peng, Wright, Duncan, Wu, Xuefeng, Wittenmyer, Robert A., Xu, Lingzhe, Yang, Shihai, Yu, Ce, Yuan, Xiangyan, Zheng, Jessica, Zhou, Hongyan, Zhu, ZhenxiGet access
Published in The Astronomical Journal (2020)
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1447by Liang, En-Si, Zhang, Hui, Yu, Zhouyi, Yang, Ming, Zhou, Ji-Lin, Ashley, Michael C.B., Cui, Xiangqun, Du, Fujia, Fu, Jianning, Gong, Xuefei, Gu, Bozhong, Hu, Lei, Hu, Yi, Jiang, Peng, Liu, Huigen, Lawrence, Jon, Liu, Qiang, Li, Xiaoyan, Li, Zhengyang, Ma, Bin, Mould, Jeremy, Shang, Zhaohui, Sun, Tianrui, Suntzeff, Nicholas B., Tao, Charling, Tian, Qiguo, Tinney, C.G., Uddin, Syed A., Wang, Lifan, Wang, Songhu, Wang, Xiaofeng, Wei, Peng, Wright, Duncan, Wu, Xuefeng, Wittenmyer, Robert A., Xu, Lingzhe, Yang, Shihai, Yu, Ce, Yuan, Xiangyan, Zheng, Jessica, Zhou, Hongyan, Zhu, ZhenxiGet access
Published in The Astronomical Journal (2020)
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1448by Zhang, Hui, Yu, Zhouyi, Liang, Ensi, Yang, Ming, Ashley, Michael C.B., Cui, Xiangqun, Du, Fujia, Fu, Jianning, Gong, Xuefei, Gu, Bozhong, Hu, Yi, Jiang, Peng, Liu, Huigen, Lawrence, Jon, Liu, Qiang, Li, Xiaoyan, Li, Zhengyang, Ma, Bin, Mould, Jeremy, Shang, Zhaohui, Suntzeff, Nicholas B., Tao, Charling, Tian, Qiguo, Tinney, C.G., Uddin, Syed A., Wang, Lifan, Wang, Songhu, Wang, Xiaofeng, Wei, Peng, Wright, Duncan, Wu, Xuefeng, Wittenmyer, Robert A., Xu, Lingzhe, Yang, Shi-Hai, Yu, Ce, Yuan, Xiangyan, Zheng, Jessica, Zhou, Hongyan, Zhou, Ji-Lin, Zhu, ZhenxiGet access
Published in The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series (2019)
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1449by Zhang, Hui, Yu, Zhouyi, Liang, Ensi, Yang, Ming, Ashley, Michael C.B., Cui, Xiangqun, Du, Fujia, Fu, Jianning, Gong, Xuefei, Gu, Bozhong, Hu, Yi, Jiang, Peng, Liu, Huigen, Lawrence, Jon, Liu, Qiang, Li, Xiaoyan, Li, Zhengyang, Ma, Bin, Mould, Jeremy, Shang, Zhaohui, Suntzeff, Nicholas B., Tao, Charling, Tian, Qiguo, Tinney, C.G., Uddin, Syed A., Wang, Lifan, Wang, Songhu, Wang, Xiaofeng, Wei, Peng, Wright, Duncan, Wu, Xuefeng, Wittenmyer, Robert A., Xu, Lingzhe, Yang, Shi-Hai, Yu, Ce, Yuan, Xiangyan, Zheng, Jessica, Zhou, Hongyan, Zhou, Ji-Lin, Zhu, ZhenxiGet access
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1450by Zhang, Hui, Yu, Zhouyi, Liang, Ensi, Yang, Ming, Ashley, Michael C.B., Cui, Xiangqun, Du, Fujia, Fu, Jianning, Gong, Xuefei, Gu, Bozhong, Hu, Yi, Jiang, Peng, Liu, Huigen, Lawrence, Jon, Liu, Qiang, Li, Xiaoyan, Li, Zhengyang, Ma, Bin, Mould, Jeremy, Shang, Zhaohui, Suntzeff, Nicholas B., Tao, Charling, Tian, Qiguo, Tinney, C.G., Uddin, Syed A., Wang, Lifan, Wang, Songhu, Wang, Xiaofeng, Wei, Peng, Wright, Duncan, Wu, Xuefeng, Wittenmyer, Robert A., Xu, Lingzhe, Yang, Shi-Hai, Yu, Ce, Yuan, Xiangyan, Zheng, Jessica, Zhou, Hongyan, Zhou, Ji-Lin, Zhu, ZhenxiGet access
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1451by Zhang, Hui, Yu, Zhouyi, Liang, Ensi, Yang, Ming, Ashley, Michael C.B., Cui, Xiangqun, Du, Fujia, Fu, Jianning, Gong, Xuefei, Gu, Bozhong, Hu, Yi, Jiang, Peng, Liu, Huigen, Lawrence, Jon, Liu, Qiang, Li, Xiaoyan, Li, Zhengyang, Ma, Bin, Mould, Jeremy, Shang, Zhaohui, Suntzeff, Nicholas B., Tao, Charling, Tian, Qiguo, Tinney, C.G., Uddin, Syed A., Wang, Lifan, Wang, Songhu, Wang, Xiaofeng, Wei, Peng, Wright, Duncan, Wu, Xuefeng, Wittenmyer, Robert A., Xu, Lingzhe, Yang, Shi-Hai, Yu, Ce, Yuan, Xiangyan, Zheng, Jessica, Zhou, Hongyan, Zhou, Ji-Lin, Zhu, ZhenxiGet access
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1452by Koch, D., Schulz, M, Kinne, S., Mcnaughton, C., Spackman, J. R., Balkanski, Yves, Bauer, S., Berntsen, T., Bond, T., C, Boucher, O., Chin, M., Clarke, A., de Luca, N, Dentener, F., Diehl, T., Dubovik, O., Easter, R., Fahey, D., Feichter, J., Fillmore, D., Freitag, S., Ghan, S., Ginoux, P., Gong, S., Horowitz, L., Iversen, T., Kirkevåg, A., Klimont, Z., Kondo, Y., Krol, M., Liu, X., Miller, R., Montanaro, V., Moteki, N., Myhre, G., Penner, J., Perlwitz, J., Pitari, G., Reddy, S., Sahu, L., Sakamoto, H., Schuster, G., Schwarz, J., P, Seland, Ø, Stier, P., Takegawa, N., Takemura, T., Textor, C., van Aardenne, J., A, Zhao, Y.Get access
Published in Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (2009)
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1453by Koch, D., Schulz, M, Kinne, S., Mcnaughton, C., Spackman, J. R., Balkanski, Yves, Bauer, S., Berntsen, T., Bond, T., C, Boucher, O., Chin, M., Clarke, A., de Luca, N, Dentener, F., Diehl, T., Dubovik, O., Easter, R., Fahey, D., Feichter, J., Fillmore, D., Freitag, S., Ghan, S., Ginoux, P., Gong, S., Horowitz, L., Iversen, T., Kirkevåg, A., Klimont, Z., Kondo, Y., Krol, M., Liu, X., Miller, R., Montanaro, V., Moteki, N., Myhre, G., Penner, J., Perlwitz, J., Pitari, G., Reddy, S., Sahu, L., Sakamoto, H., Schuster, G., Schwarz, J., P, Seland, Ø, Stier, P., Takegawa, N., Takemura, T., Textor, C., van Aardenne, J., A, Zhao, Y.Get access
Published in Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (2009)
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1454by Liang, En-Si, Zhang, Hui, Yu, Zhouyi, Yang, Ming, Zhou, Ji-lin, Ashley, Michael C. B., Cui, Xiangqun, Du, Fujia, Fu, Jianning, Gong, Xuefei, Gu, Bozhong, Hu, Lei, Hu, Yi, Jiang, Peng, Liu, Huigen, Lawrence, Jon, Liu, Qiang, Li, Xiaoyan, Li, Zhengyang, Ma, Bin, Mould, Jeremy, Shang, Zhaohui, Sun, Tianrui, Suntzeff, Nicholas B., Tao, Charling, Tian, Qiguo, Tinney, C. G., Uddin, Syed A., Wang, Lifan, Wang, Songhu, Wang, Xiaofeng, Wei, Peng, Wright, Duncan, Wu, Xuefeng, Wittenmyer, Robert A., Xu, Lingzhe, Yang, Shihai, Yu, Ce, Yuan, Xiangyan, Zheng, Jessica, Zhou, Hongyan, Zhu, ZhenxiGet access
Published in The Astronomical Journal (2020)
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1455by Zhang, Hui, Yu, Zhouyi, Liang, Ensi, Yang, Ming, Ashley, Michael C. B., Cui, Xiangqun, Du, Fujia, Fu, Jianning, Gong, Xuefei, Gu, Bozhong, Hu, Yi, Jiang, Peng, Liu, Huigen, Lawrence, Jon, Liu, Qiang, Li, Xiaoyan, Li, Zhengyang, Ma, Bin, Mould, Jeremy, Shang, Zhaohui, Suntzeff, Nicholas B., Tao, Charling, Tian, Qiguo, Tinney, C. G., Uddin, Syed A., Wang, Lifan, Wang, Songhu, Wang, Xiaofeng, Wei, Peng, Wright, Duncan, Wu, Xuefeng, Wittenmyer, Robert A., Xu, Lingzhe, Yang, Shi Hai, Yu, Ce, Yuan, Xiangyan, Zheng, Jessica, Zhou, Hongyan, Zhou, Ji Lin, Zhu, ZhenxiGet access
Published in The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series (2019)
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1456by Koch, D., Schulz, M, Kinne, S., Mcnaughton, C., Spackman, J. R., Balkanski, Yves, Bauer, S., Berntsen, T., Bond, T., C, Boucher, O., Chin, M., Clarke, A., de Luca, N, Dentener, F., Diehl, T., Dubovik, O., Easter, R., Fahey, D., Feichter, J., Fillmore, D., Freitag, S., Ghan, S., Ginoux, P., Gong, S., Horowitz, L., Iversen, T., Kirkevåg, A., Klimont, Z., Kondo, Y., Krol, M., Liu, X., Miller, R., Montanaro, V., Moteki, N., Myhre, G., Penner, J., Perlwitz, J., Pitari, G., Reddy, S., Sahu, L., Sakamoto, H., Schuster, G., Schwarz, J., P, Seland, Ø, Stier, P., Takegawa, N., Takemura, T., Textor, C., van Aardenne, J., A, Zhao, Y.Get access
Published in Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (2009)
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1457by Koch, D., Schulz, M, Kinne, S., Mcnaughton, C., Spackman, J. R., Balkanski, Yves, Bauer, S., Berntsen, T., Bond, T., C, Boucher, O., Chin, M., Clarke, A., de Luca, N, Dentener, F., Diehl, T., Dubovik, O., Easter, R., Fahey, D., Feichter, J., Fillmore, D., Freitag, S., Ghan, S., Ginoux, P., Gong, S., Horowitz, L., Iversen, T., Kirkevåg, A., Klimont, Z., Kondo, Y., Krol, M., Liu, X., Miller, R., Montanaro, V., Moteki, N., Myhre, G., Penner, J., Perlwitz, J., Pitari, G., Reddy, S., Sahu, L., Sakamoto, H., Schuster, G., Schwarz, J., P, Seland, Ø, Stier, P., Takegawa, N., Takemura, T., Textor, C., van Aardenne, J., A, Zhao, Y.Get access
Published in Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (2009)
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1458by Zhang, Hui, Yu, Zhouyi, Liang, Ensi, Yang, Ming, Ashley, Michael C. B., Cui, Xiangqun, Du, Fujia, Fu, Jianning, Gong, Xuefei, Gu, Bozhong, Hu, Yi, Jiang, Peng, Liu, Huigen, Lawrence, Jon, Liu, Qiang, Li, Xiaoyan, Li, Zhengyang, Ma, Bin, Mould, Jeremy, Shang, Zhaohui, Suntzeff, Nicholas B., Tao, Charling, Tian, Qiguo, Tinney, C. G., Uddin, Syed A., Wang, Lifan, Wang, Songhu, Wang, Xiaofeng, Wei, Peng, Wright, Duncan, Wu, Xuefeng, Wittenmyer, Robert A., Xu, Lingzhe, Yang, Shi Hai, Yu, Ce, Yuan, Xiangyan, Zheng, Jessica, Zhou, Hongyan, Zhou, Ji Lin, Zhu, ZhenxiGet access
Published in The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series (2019)
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1459by Wendisch, Manfred, Macke, Andreas, Ehrlich, André, Lüpkes, Christof, Mech, Mario, Chechin, Dmitry, Dethloff, Klaus, Barientos, Carola, Bozem, Heiko, Brückner, Marlen, Clemen, Hans-Christian, Crewell, Susanne, Donth, Tobias, Dupuy, Regis, Ebell, Kerstin, Egerer, Ulrike, Engelmann, Ronny, Engler, Christa, Eppers, Oliver, Gehrmann, Martin, Gong, Xianda, Gottschalk, Matthias, Gourbeyre, Christophe, Griesche, Hannes, Hartmann, Jörg, Hartmann, Markus, Heinold, Bernd, Herber, Andreas, Herrmann, Hartmut, Heygster, Georg, Hoor, Peter, Jafariserajehlou, Soheila, Jäkel, Evelyn, Järvinen, Emma, Jourdan, Olivier, Kästner, Udo, Kecorius, Simonas, Knudsen, Erlend M., Köllner, Franziska, Kretzschmar, Jan, Lelli, Luca, Leroy, Delphine, Maturilli, Marion, Mei, Linlu, Mertes, Stephan, Mioche, Guillaume, Neuber, Roland, Nicolaus, Marcel, Nomokonova, Tatiana, Notholt, JustusGet access
Published 2018
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1460by Wendisch, Manfred, Macke, Andreas, Ehrlich, Andre, Lüpkes, Alfred, Mech, Mario, Chechin, Alfred, Dethloff, Alfred, Barientos, Carola, Bozem, Johannes, Brückner, Stephan, Clemen, Hans-Christian, Crewell, Susanne, Donth, Stephan, Dupuy, Régis, Ebell, Kerstin, Egerer, Ulrike, Engelmann, Ronny, Engler, Stephan, Eppers, Johannes, Gehrmann, Alfred, Gong, Xianda, Gottschalk, Stephan, Gourbeyre, Christophe, Griesche, Hannes, Hartmann, Alfred, Hartmann, Markus, Heinold, Bernd, Herber, Alfred, Herrmann, Hartmut, Heygster, Georg, Hoor, Johannes, Jafariserajehlou, Soheila, Jäkel, Stephan, Järvinen, Emma, Jourdan, Olivier, Kästner, Udo, Kecorius, Simonas, Knudsen, Erlend, Köllner, Franziska, Kretzschmar, Stephan, Lelli, Luca, Leroy, Delphine, Maturilli, Alfred, Mei, Linlu, Mertes, Stephan, Mioche, Guillaume, Neuber, Alfred, Nicolaus, Alfred, Nomokonova, Tatiana, Notholt, JustusGet access
Published in Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society (2018)
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