Gong
A gong is a percussion instrument originating in East Asia and Southeast Asia. A gong is a flat, circular metal disc that is typically struck with a mallet. They can be small or large in size, and tuned or can require tuning.The earliest possible depictions of gongs is from the details on the surface of the Ngọc Lũ I bronze drum (c. 3rd to 2nd century BC) from the Dong Son culture of northern Vietnam. It depicts what looks like seven-gong ensembles along with other instruments (including cymbals/bells and the bronze drums themselves). The oldest undisputed historical mention of gongs can be found in sixth century AD Chinese records, which mentioned it as a foreign instrument that came from a country between Tibet and Burma. The term ''gong'' () originated in the Indonesian island of Java. Scientific and archaeological research has established that Burma, China, Java and Annam were the four main gong manufacturing centres of the ancient world. The gong found its way into the Western World in the 18th century, when it was also used in the percussion section of a Western-style symphony orchestra. A form of bronze cauldron gong known as a resting bell was widely used in ancient Greece and Rome: for instance in the famous Oracle of Dodona, where disc gongs were also used.
Gongs generally fall into three types: Suspended gongs are more or less flat, circular discs of metal suspended vertically by means of a cord passed through holes near to the top rim. Bossed or nipple gongs have a raised centre boss or knob and are often suspended and played horizontally. Bowl gongs are bowl-shaped and rest on cushions. The latter may be considered a member of the bell category. Gongs are made mainly from bronze or brass, though there are many other alloys in use.
Gongs produce two distinct types of sound. A gong with a substantially flat surface vibrates in multiple modes, giving a "crash" rather than a tuned note. This category of gong is sometimes called a tam-tam, to distinguish it from the bossed gongs that give a tuned note. In Indonesian gamelan ensembles, some bossed gongs are deliberately made to generate an additional beat note in the range from about 1 to 5 Hz. The use of the term "gong" for both these types of instrument is common. Provided by Wikipedia
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1381by Zhang, Hui, Wang, Songhu, Zhou, Ji-Lin, Zhou, Xu, Wang, Lingzhi, Wang, Lifan, Wittenmyer, R. A., Liu, Hui-Gen, Meng, Zeyang, Ashley, M. C. B., Storey, J. W. V., Bayliss, D., Tinney, Chris, Wang, Ying, Wu, Donghong, Liang, Ensi, Yu, Zhouyi, Fan, Zhou, Feng, Long-Long, Gong, Xuefei, Lawrence, J. S., Liu, Qiang, Luong-Van, D. M., Ma, Jun, Wu, Zhenyu, Yan, Jun, Yang, Huigen, Yang, Ji, Yuan, Xiangyan, Zhang, Tianmeng, Zhu, Zhenxi, Zou, HuGet access
Published 2015
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1382by Yang, H, Allen, GR, Ashley, MC, Bonner, CS, Bradley, SG, Cui, X, Everett, JR, Feng, L, Gong, X, Hengst, S, Hu, J, Jiang, Z, Kulesa, CA, Lawrence, JS, Li, Y, Luong-Van, D, McCaughrean, MJ, Moore, AM, Pennypacker, C, Qin, W, Riddle, R, Shang, Z, Storey, JW, Sun, B, Suntzeff, N, Tothill, NF, Travouillon, T, Walker, CK, Wang, L, Yan, J, Yang, J, York, D, Yuan, X, Zhang, XG, Zhang, Z, Zhou, X, Zhou, ZGet access
Published in Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific (2009)
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1383by Zou, Hu, Zhou, Xu, Jiang, Zhaoji, Ashley, M. C. B., Cui, Xiangqun, Feng, Longlong, Gong, Xuefei, Hu, Jingyao, Kulesa, C. A., Lawrence, J. S., Liu, Genrong, Luong-Van, D. M., Ma, Jun, Moore, A. M., Qin, Weijia, Shang, Zhaohui, Storey, J. W. V., Sun, Bo, Travouillon, T., Walker, C. K., Wang, Jiali, Wang, Lifan, Wu, Jianghua, Wu, Zhenyu, Xia, Lirong, Yan, Jun, Yang, Ji, Yang, Huigen, Yao, Yongqiang, Yuan, Xiangyan, York, D., Zhang, Zhanhai, Zhu, ZhenxiGet access
Published 2010
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1384by Anna M. Moore A, Sara Ahmed B, Michael C. B. Ashley C, Max K. Barreto D, Xiangqun Cui E, Delacroix A, Longlong Feng F, Xuefei Gong E, Jon Lawrence C, Daniel M. Luong-van C, Christopher Martin B, Reed Riddle A, Nicole Rowley I, Zhaohui Shang F, John W. V. Storey C, Nick F, H. Tothill C, Tony Travouillon B, Lifan Wang F, Huigen Yang F, Ji Yang G, Xu Zhou F, Zhengxi Zhu FGet access
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1385by Zhou, Xu, Fan, Zhou, Jiang, Zhaoji, Ashley, M. C. B., Cui, Xiangqun, Feng, Longlong, Gong, Xuefei, Hu, Jingyao, Kulesa, C. A., Lawrence, J. S., Liu, Genrong, Luong-Van, D. M., Ma, Jun, Moore, A. M., Qin, Weijia, Shang, Zhaohui, Storey, J. W. V., Sun, Bo, Travouillon, T., Walker, C. K., Wang, Jiali, Wang, Lifan, Wu, Jianghua, Wu, Zhenyu, Xia, Lirong, Yan, Jun, Yang, Ji, Yang, Huigen, Yuan, Xiangyan, York, D., Zhang, Zhanhai, Zhu, ZhenxiGet access
Published in Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific (2010)
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1386by Zou, Hu, Zhou, Xu, Jiang, Zhaoji, Ashley, M. C. B., Cui, Xiangqun, Feng, Longlong, Gong, Xuefei, Hu, Jingyao, Kulesa, C. A., Lawrence, J. S., Liu, Genrong, Luong-Van, D. M., Ma, Jun, Moore, A. M., Qin, Weijia, Shang, Zhaohui, Storey, J. W. V., Sun, Bo, Travouillon, T., Walker, C. K., Wang, Jiali, Wang, Lifan, Wu, Jianghua, Wu, Zhenyu, Xia, Lirong, Yan, Jun, Yang, Ji, Yang, Huigen, Yao, Yongqiang, Yuan, Xiangyan, York, D., Zhang, Zhanhai, Zhu, ZhenxiGet access
Published in The Astronomical Journal (2010)
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1387by Zhou, Xu, Fan, Zhou, Jiang, Zhaoji, Ashley, M. C. B., Cui, Xiangqun, Feng, Longlong, Gong, Xuefei, Hu, Jingyao, Kulesa, C. A., Lawrence, J. S., Liu, Genrong, Luong-Van, D. M., Ma, Jun, Moore, A. M., Qin, Weijia, Shang, Zhaohui, Storey, J. W. V., Sun, Bo, Travouillon, T., Walker, C. K., Wang, Jiali, Wang, Lifan, Wu, Jianghua, Wu, Zhenyu, Xia, Lirong, Yan, Jun, Yang, Ji, Yang, Huigen, Yuan, Xiangyan, York, D., Zhang, Zhanhai, Zhu, ZhenxiGet access
Published in Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific (2010)
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1388by Zhou, Xu, Fan, Zhou, Jiang, Zhaoji, Ashley, M. C. B., Cui, Xiangqun, Feng, LongLong, Gong, Xuefei, Hu, Jingyao, Kulesa, C. A., Lawrence, J. S., Liu, Genrong, Luong-Van, D. M., Ma, Jun, Moore, A. M., Qin, Weijia, Shang, Zhaohui, Storey, J. W. V., Sun, Bo, Travouillon, T., Walker, C. K., Wang, Jiali, Wang, Lifan, Wu, Jianghua, Wu, Zhenyu, Xia, Lirong, Yan, Jun, Yang, Ji, Yang, Huigen, Yuan, Xiangyan, York, D., Zhang, Zhanhai, Zhu, ZhenxiGet access
Published in Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific (2010)
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1389by Yang, Ming, Zhang, Hui, Wang, Songhu, Zhou, Ji-Lin, Zhou, Xu, Wang, Lingzhi, Wang, Lifan, Wittenmyer, R. A., Liu, Hui-Gen, Meng, Zeyang, Ashley, M. C. B., Storey, J. W. V., Bayliss, D., Tinney, Chris, Wang, Ying, Wu, Donghong, Liang, Ensi, Yu, Zhouyi, Fan, Zhou, Feng, Long-Long, Gong, Xuefei, Lawrence, J. S., Liu, Qiang, Luong-Van, D. M., Ma, Jun, Wu, Zhenyu, Yan, Jun, Yang, Huigen, Yang, Ji, Yuan, Xiangyan, Zhang, Tianmeng, Zhu, Zhenxi, Zou, HuGet access
Published in The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series (2015)
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1390by Yang, Ming, Zhang, Hui, Wang, Songhu, Zhou, Ji-Lin, Zhou, Xu, Wang, Lingzhi, Wang, Lifan, Wittenmyer, R. A., Liu, Hui-Gen, Meng, Zeyang, Ashley, M. C. B., Storey, J. W. V., Bayliss, D., Tinney, Chris, Wang, Ying, Wu, Donghong, Liang, Ensi, Yu, Zhouyi, Fan, Zhou, Feng, Long-Long, Gong, Xuefei, Lawrence, J. S., Liu, Qiang, Luong-Van, D. M., Ma, Jun, Wu, Zhenyu, Yan, Jun, Yang, Huigen, Yang, Ji, Yuan, Xiangyan, Zhang, Tianmeng, Zhu, Zhenxi, Zou, HuGet access
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1391by Yang, Ming, Zhang, Hui, Wang, Songhu, Zhou, Ji-Lin, Zhou, Xu, Wang, Lingzhi, Wang, Lifan, Wittenmyer, R. A., Liu, Hui-Gen, Meng, Zeyang, Ashley, M. C. B., Storey, J. W. V., Bayliss, D., Tinney, Chris, Wang, Ying, Wu, Donghong, Liang, Ensi, Yu, Zhouyi, Fan, Zhou, Feng, Long-Long, Gong, Xuefei, Lawrence, J. S., Liu, Qiang, Luong-Van, D. M., Ma, Jun, Wu, Zhenyu, Yan, Jun, Yang, Huigen, Yang, Ji, Yuan, Xiangyan, Zhang, Tianmeng, Zhu, Zhenxi, Zou, HuGet access
Published in The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series (2015)
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1392by Zou, Hu, Zhou, Xu, Jiang, Zhaoji, Ashley, M. C. B., Cui, Xiangqun, Feng, Longlong, Gong, Xuefei, Hu, Jingyao, KuLesa, C. A., Lawrence, J. S., Liu, Genrong, Luong-Van, D. M., Ma, Jun, Moore, A. M., Pennypacker, C. R., Qin, Weijia, Shang, Zhaohui, Storey, J. W.V., Sun, Bo, Travouillon, T., Walker, C. K., Wang, Jiali, Wang, Lifan, Wu, Jianghua, Wu, Zhenyu, Xia, Lirong, Yan, Jun, Yang, Ji, Yang, Huigen, Yao, Yongqiang, Yuan, Xiangyan, York, D. G., Zhang, Zhanhai, Zhu, ZhenxiGet access
Published in The Astronomical Journal (2010)
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1393by N. F. H. Tothill, C. A. Kulesa, C. K. Walker, J. Yang, M. C. B. Ashley, J. S. Lawrence, D. Luong-van, J. W. V. Storey, H. Yang, X. Zhou, Z. Zhu, J. Bardin, X. Cui, J. Everett, L. Feng, D. Golish, X. Gong, J. Hu, K. Jacobs, Z. Jiang, G. Jones, Y. Li, C. L. Martin, M. J. Mccaughrean, W. Qin, M. Schein, Z. Shang, P. Siegel, B. Sun, W. Walsh, L. Wang, S. Weinreb, Z. Xu, J. Yan, X. Yuan, X. -g. ZhangGet access
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1394by N. F. H. Tothill, C. A. Kulesa, C. K. Walker, J. Yang, M. C. B. Ashley, J. S. Lawrence, D. Luong-van, J. W. V. Storey, H. Yang, X. Zhou, Z. Zhu, J. Bardin, X. Cui, J. Everett, L. Feng, D. Golish, X. Gong, J. Hu, K. Jacobs, Z. Jiang, G. Jones, Y. Li, C. L. Martin, M. J. Mccaughrean, W. Qin, M. Schein, Z. Shang, P. Siegel, B. Sun, W. Walsh, L. Wang, S. Weinreb, Z. Xu, J. Yan, X. Yuan, X. -g. ZhangGet access
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1395by Lawrence, J. S., Allen, G. R., Ashley, M. C. B., Bonner, C., Bradley, S., Cui, X., Everett, J. R., Feng, L., Gong, X., Hengst, S., Hu, J., Jiang, Z., Kulesa, C. A., Li, Y., Luong-Van, D., Moore, A. M., Pennypacker, C., Qin, W., Riddle, R., Shang, Z., Storey, J. W. V., Sun, B., Suntzeff, N., Tothill, N. F. H., Travouillon, T., Walker, C. K., Wang, L., Yan, J., Yang, J., Yang, H., York, D., Yuan, X., Zhang, X. G., Zhang, Z., Zhou, X., Zhu, Z.Get access
Published in SPIE Proceedings, Ground-based and Airborne Telescopes II (2008)
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1396by Morrison, Hugh, McCoy, Renata B., Klein, Stephen A., Xie, Shaocheng, Luo, Yali, Avramov, Alexander, Chen, Mingxuan, Cole, Jason N. S., Falk, Michael, Foster, Michael J., Del Genio, Anthony D., Harrington, Jerry Y., Hoose, Corinna, Khairoutdinov, Marat F., Larson, Vincent E., Liu, Xiaohong, McFarquhar, Greg M., Poellot, Michael R., von Salzen, Knut, Shipway, Ben J., Shupe, Matthew D., Sud, Yogesh C., Turner, David D., Veron, Dana E., Walker, Gregory K., Wang, Zhien, Wolf, Audrey B., Xu, Kuan‐Man, Yang, Fanglin, Zhang, GongGet access
Published in Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society (2009)
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1397by Tothill, N. F. H., Kulesa, C. A., Zhu, Z., Bardin, J., Cui, X., Everett, J., Feng, L., Golish, D., Gong, X., Hu, J., Jacobs, K., Jiang, Z., Walker, C. K., Jones, G., Li, Y., Martin, C. L., McCaughrean, M. J., Qin, W., Schein, M., Shang, Z., Siegel, P., Sun, B., Walsh, W., Yang, J., Wang, L., Weinreb, S., Xu, Z., Yan, J., Yuan, X., Zhang, X. -G., Ashley, M. C. B., Lawrence, J. S., Luong-Van, D., Storey, J. W. V., Yang, H., Zhou, X.Get access
Published 2010
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1398by Ashley, M. C. B., Allen, G., Bonner, C. S., Bradley, S. G., Cui, X., Everett, J. R., Feng, L., Gong, X., Hengst, S., Hu, J., Jiang, Z., Kulesa, C. A., Lawrence, J. S., Li, Y., Luong-Van, D. M., McCaughrean, M. J., Moore, A. M., Pennypacker, C., Qin, W., Riddle, R., Shang, Z., Storey, J. W. V., Sun, B., Suntzeff, N., Tothill, N. F. H., Travouillon, T., Walker, C. K., Wang, L., Yan, J., Yang, H., York, D. G., Yuan, X., Zhang, X., Zhang, Z., Zhou, X., Zhu, Z.Get access
Published in Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union (2009)
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1399by von Salzen, K, Whaley, CH, Anenberg, SC, Van Dingenen, R, Klimont, Z, Flanner, MG, Mahmood, R, Arnold, SR, Beagley, S, Chien, R-Y, Christensen, JH, Eckhardt, S, Ekman, AML, Evangeliou, N, Faluvegi, G, Fu, JS, Gauss, M, Gong, W, Hjorth, JL, Im, U, Krishnan, S, Kupiainen, K, Kühn, T, Langner, J, Law, KS, Marelle, L, Olivié, D, Onishi, T, Oshima, N, Paunu, V-V, Peng, Y, Plummer, D, Pozzoli, L, Rao, S, Raut, J-C, Sand, M, Schmale, J, Sigmond, M, Thomas, MA, Tsigaridis, K, Tsyro, S, Turnock, ST, Wang, M, Winter, BGet access
Published 2022
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1400by Zhou, Xu, Ashley, M. C. B., Cui, Xiangqun, Feng, Longlong, Gong, Xuefei, Hu, Jingyao, Jiang, Zhaoji, Kulesa, C. A., Lawrence, J. S., Liu, Genrong, Luong-Van, D. M., Ma, Jun, Macri, Lucas M., Meng, Zeyang, Moore, A. M., Qin, Weijia, Shang, Zhaohui, Storey, J. W. V., Sun, Bo, Travouillon, T., Walker, C. K., Wang, Jiali, Wang, Lifan, Wang, Lingzhi, Wang, Songhu, Wu, Jianghua, Wu, Zhenyu, Xia, Lirong, Yan, Jun, Yang, Ji, Yang, Huigen, Yao, Yongqiang, Yuan, Xiangyan, York, D., Zhang, Hui, Zhang, Zhanhai, Zhou, Jilin, Zhu, Zhenxi, Zou, HuGet access
Published in Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union (2012)
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