Gong
A gong is a percussion instrument originating in East Asia and Southeast Asia. A gong is a flat, circular metal disc that is typically struck with a mallet. They can be small or large in size, and tuned or can require tuning.The earliest possible depictions of gongs is from the details on the surface of the Ngọc Lũ I bronze drum (c. 3rd to 2nd century BC) from the Dong Son culture of northern Vietnam. It depicts what looks like seven-gong ensembles along with other instruments (including cymbals/bells and the bronze drums themselves). The oldest undisputed historical mention of gongs can be found in sixth century AD Chinese records, which mentioned it as a foreign instrument that came from a country between Tibet and Burma. The term ''gong'' () originated in the Indonesian island of Java. Scientific and archaeological research has established that Burma, China, Java and Annam were the four main gong manufacturing centres of the ancient world. The gong found its way into the Western World in the 18th century, when it was also used in the percussion section of a Western-style symphony orchestra. A form of bronze cauldron gong known as a resting bell was widely used in ancient Greece and Rome: for instance in the famous Oracle of Dodona, where disc gongs were also used.
Gongs generally fall into three types: Suspended gongs are more or less flat, circular discs of metal suspended vertically by means of a cord passed through holes near to the top rim. Bossed or nipple gongs have a raised centre boss or knob and are often suspended and played horizontally. Bowl gongs are bowl-shaped and rest on cushions. The latter may be considered a member of the bell category. Gongs are made mainly from bronze or brass, though there are many other alloys in use.
Gongs produce two distinct types of sound. A gong with a substantially flat surface vibrates in multiple modes, giving a "crash" rather than a tuned note. This category of gong is sometimes called a tam-tam, to distinguish it from the bossed gongs that give a tuned note. In Indonesian gamelan ensembles, some bossed gongs are deliberately made to generate an additional beat note in the range from about 1 to 5 Hz. The use of the term "gong" for both these types of instrument is common. Provided by Wikipedia
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1341by Chen, Huai, Zhu, Qiuan, Peng, Changhui, Wu, Ning, Wang, Yanfen, Fang, Xiuqing, Gao, Yongheng, Zhu, Dan, Yang, Gang, Tian, Jianqing, Kang, Xiaoming, Piao, Shilong, Ouyang, Hua, Xiang, Wenhua, Luo, Zhibin, Jiang, Hong, Song, Xingzhang, Zhang, Yao, Yu, Guirui, Zhao, Xinquan, Gong, Peng, Yao, Tandong, Wu, Jianghua, Peng, CH (reprint author), Northwest Agr & Forest Univ, Lab Ecol Forecasting & Global Change, Coll Forestry, Yangling 712100, Peoples R China.Get access
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1342by Chen, Huai, Zhu, Qiuan, Peng, Changhui, Wu, Ning, Wang, Yanfen, Fang, Xiuqing, Gao, Yongheng, Zhu, Dan, Yang, Gang, Tian, Jianqing, Kang, Xiaoming, Piao, Shilong, Ouyang, Hua, Xiang, Wenhua, Luo, Zhibin, Jiang, Hong, Song, Xingzhang, Zhang, Yao, Yu, Guirui, Zhao, Xinquan, Gong, Peng, Yao, Tandong, Wu, Jianghua, Peng, CH (reprint author), Northwest Agr & Forest Univ, Lab Ecol Forecasting & Global Change, Coll Forestry, Yangling 712100, Peoples R China.Get access
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1343by Chen, Huai, Zhu, Qiuan, Peng, Changhui, Wu, Ning, Wang, Yanfen, Fang, Xiuqing, Gao, Yongheng, Zhu, Dan, Yang, Gang, Tian, Jianqing, Kang, Xiaoming, Piao, Shilong, Ouyang, Hua, Xiang, Wenhua, Luo, Zhibin, Jiang, Hong, Song, Xingzhang, Zhang, Yao, Yu, Guirui, Zhao, Xinquan, Gong, Peng, Yao, Tandong, Wu, Jianghua, Peng, CH (reprint author), Northwest Agr & Forest Univ, Lab Ecol Forecasting & Global Change, Coll Forestry, Yangling 712100, Peoples R China.Get access
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1344by Chen, Huai, Zhu, Qiuan, Peng, Changhui, Wu, Ning, Wang, Yanfen, Fang, Xiuqing, Gao, Yongheng, Zhu, Dan, Yang, Gang, Tian, Jianqing, Kang, Xiaoming, Piao, Shilong, Ouyang, Hua, Xiang, Wenhua, Luo, Zhibin, Jiang, Hong, Song, Xingzhang, Zhang, Yao, Yu, Guirui, Zhao, Xinquan, Gong, Peng, Yao, Tandong, Wu, Jianghua, Peng, CH (reprint author), Northwest Agr & Forest Univ, Lab Ecol Forecasting & Global Change, Coll Forestry, Yangling 712100, Peoples R China.Get access
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1345by Wang, Songhu, Zhang, Hui, Zhou, Ji-Lin, Zhou, Xu, Yang, Ming, Wang, Lifan, Bayliss, D., Zhou, G., Ashley, M. C. B., Fan, Zhou, Feng, Long-Long, Gong, Xuefei, Lawrence, J. S., Liu, Huigen, Liu, Qiang, Luong-Van, D. M., Ma, Jun, Meng, Zeyang, Storey, J. W. V., Wittenmyer, R. A., Wu, Zhenyu, Yan, Jun, Yang, Huigen, Yang, Ji, Yang, Jiayi, Yuan, Xiangyan, Zhang, Tianmeng, Zhu, Zhenxi, Zou, HuGet access
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1346by Wang, Songhu, Zhang, Hui, Zhou, Ji-Lin, Zhou, Xu, Yang, Ming, Wang, Lifan, Bayliss, D., Zhou, G., Ashley, M. C. B., Fan, Zhou, Feng, Long-Long, Gong, Xuefei, Lawrence, J. S., Liu, Huigen, Liu, Qiang, Luong-Van, D. M., Ma, Jun, Meng, Zeyang, Storey, J. W. V., Wittenmyer, R. A., Wu, Zhenyu, Yan, Jun, Yang, Huigen, Yang, Ji, Yang, Jiayi, Yuan, Xiangyan, Zhang, Tianmeng, Zhu, Zhenxi, Zou, HuGet access
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1347by V. A. Flood, K. Strong, C. H. Whaley, K. A. Walker, T. Blumenstock, J. W. Hannigan, J. Mellqvist, J. Notholt, M. Palm, A. N. Röhling, S. Arnold, S. Beagley, R.-Y. Chien, J. Christensen, M. Deushi, S. Dobricic, X. Dong, J. S. Fu, M. Gauss, W. Gong, J. Langner, K. S. Law, L. Marelle, T. Onishi, N. Oshima, D. A. Plummer, L. Pozzoli, J.-C. Raut, M. A. Thomas, S. Tsyro, S. TurnockGet access
Published in Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (2024)
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1348by Zhu, Jiapeng, Zhang, Hui, Liang, En-Si, Yu, Zhouyi, Yang, Ming, Zhou, Ji-Lin, Cui, Xiangqun, Du, Fujia, Gong, Xuefei, Gu, Bozhong, Hu, Lei, Jiang, Peng, Liu, Huigen, Li, Xiaoyan, Li, Zhengyang, Mould, Jeremy, Sun, Tianrui, Suntzeff, Nicholas B., Tao, Charling, Tian, Qiguo, Uddin, Syed A., Wang, Lifan, Wang, Songhu, Wang, Xiaofeng, Wei, Peng, Wright, Duncan, Wittenmyer, Robert A., Xu, Lingzhe, Yang, Shihai, Yuan, Xiangyan, Zhou, Hongyan, Zhu, Zhenxi, Lu, HongkeGet access
Published in The Astronomical Journal (2020)
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1349by Wang, Songhu, Zhang, Hui, Zhou, Xu, Zhou, Ji-Lin, Fu, Jian-Ning, Yang, Ming, Liu, Huigen, Xie, Jiwei, Wang, Lifan, Wang, Lingzhi, Wittenmyer, R. A., Ashley, M. C. B., Feng, Long-Long, Gong, Xuefei, Lawrence, J. S., Liu, Qiang, Luong-Van, D. M., Ma, Jun, Peng, Xiyan, Storey, J. W. V., Wu, Zhenyu, Yan, Jun, Yang, Huigen, Yang, Ji, Yuan, Xiangyan, Zhang, Tianmeng, Zhang, Xiaojia, Zhu, Zhenxi, Zou, HuGet access
Published 2015
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1350by Zhu, Jiapeng, Zhang, Hui, Liang, En-Si, Yu, Zhouyi, Yang, Ming, Zhou, Ji-lin, Cui, Xiangqun, Du, Fujia, Gong, Xuefei, Gu, Bozhong, Hu, Lei, Jiang, Peng, Liu, Huigen, Li, Xiaoyan, Li, Zhengyang, Mould, Jeremy, Sun, Tianrui, Suntzeff, Nicholas B., Tao, Charling, Tian, Qiguo, Uddin, Syed A., Wang, Lifan, Wang, Songhu, Wang, Xiaofeng, Wei, Peng, Wright, Duncan, Wittenmyer, Robert A., Xu, Lingzhe, Yang, Shihai, Yuan, Xiangyan, Zhou, Hongyan, Zhu, Zhenxi, Lu, HongkeGet access
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1351by Wang Lingzhi, Macri L.M., Ma B., Wang L.F., Ashley M.C.B., Cui X., Du F.J., Fu J.N., Feng L.L., Gong X., Hu Y., Li G., Li X.Y., Li Z.Y., Lawrence J.S., Luong-Van D., Pennypacker C.R., Shang Z., Storey J.W.V., Yang H., Yuan X., York D.G., Zhou X., Zhu Z.H., Zhu Z.X., Zhou J.L.Get access
Published in EPJ Web of Conferences (2017)
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1352by Zhu, Jiapeng, Zhang, Hui, Liang, En-Si, Yu, Zhouyi, Yang, Ming, Zhou, Ji-lin, Cui, Xiangqun, Du, Fujia, Gong, Xuefei, Gu, Bozhong, Hu, Lei, Jiang, Peng, Liu, Huigen, Li, Xiaoyan, Li, Zhengyang, Mould, Jeremy, Sun, Tianrui, Suntzeff, Nicholas B., Tao, Charling, Tian, Qiguo, Uddin, Syed A., Wang, Lifan, Wang, Songhu, Wang, Xiaofeng, Wei, Peng, Wright, Duncan, Wittenmyer, Robert A., Xu, Lingzhe, Yang, Shihai, Yuan, Xiangyan, Zhou, Hongyan, Zhu, Zhenxi, Lu, HongkeGet access
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1353by Hu Zou, Xu Zhou, Zhaoji Jiang, M. C. B. Ashley, Xiangqun Cui, Xuefei Gong, Jingyao Hu, C. A. Kulesa, J. S. Lawrence, Genrong Liu, D. M. Luong-van, Jun Ma, A. M. Moore, Weijia Qin, Zhaohui Shang, J. W. V. Storey, Bo Sun, T. Travouillon, C. K. Walker, Jiali Wang, Lifan Wang, Jianghua Wu, Zhenyu Wu, Lirong Xia, Jun Yan, Ji Yang, Huigen Yang, Yongqiang Yao, D. York, Zhanhai Zhang, Zhenxi ZhuGet access
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1354by J. A. Guzik, W. J. Chaplin, A. Pigulski, J. N. Fu, W. K. Zong, Y. Yang, A. Moore, M. C. B. Ashley, X. Q. Cui, L. L. Feng, X. F. Gong, J. S. Lawrence, D. Luong-van, Q. Liu, C. R. Pennypacker, Z. H. Shang, J. W. V. Storey, L. Z. Wang, L. F. Wang, H. G. Yang, X. Y. Yuan, D. G. York, X. Zhou, Z. H. ZhuGet access
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1355by Wang, Songhu, Zhang, Hui, Zhou, Xu, Zhou, Ji-Lin, Fu, Jian-Ning, Yang, Ming, Liu, Huigen, Xie, Jiwei, Wang, Lifan, Wang, Lingzhi, Wittenmyer, R. A., Ashley, M. C. B., Feng, Long-Long, Gong, Xuefei, Lawrence, J. S., Liu, Qiang, Luong-Van, D. M., Ma, Jun, Peng, Xiyan, Storey, J. W. V., Wu, Zhenyu, Yan, Jun, Yang, Huigen, Yang, Ji, Yuan, Xiangyan, Zhang, Tianmeng, Zhang, Xiaojia, Zhu, Zhenxi, Zou, HuGet access
Published in The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series (2015)
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1356by Yanluan Lin, Xiaomeng Huang, Yishuang Liang, Yi Qin, Shiming Xu, Wenyu Huang, Fanghua Xu, Li Liu, Yong Wang, Yiran Peng, Lanning Wang, Wei Xue, Haohuan Fu, Guang Jun Zhang, Bin Wang, Ruizhe Li, Cheng Zhang, Hui Lu, Kun Yang, Yong Luo, Yuqi Bai, Zhenya Song, Minqi Wang, Wenjie Zhao, Feng Zhang, Jingheng Xu, Xi Zhao, Chunsong Lu, Yizhao Chen, Yiqi Luo, Yong Hu, Qiang Tang, Dexun Chen, Guangwen Yang, Peng GongGet access
Published in Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems (2020)
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1357by Hu Zou, Xu Zhou, Zhaoji Jiang, M. C. B. Ashley, Xiangqun Cui, Longlong Feng, Xuefei Gong, Jingyao Hu, C. A. Kulesa, J. S. Lawrence, Genrong Liu, D. M. Luong-van, A. M. Moore, C. R. Pennypacker, Zhaohui Shang, J. W. V. Storey, T. Travouillon, C. K. Walker, Jiali Wang, Lifan Wang, Jianghua Wu, Zhenyu Wu, Lirong Xia, Huigen Yang, Yongqiang Yao, Xiangyan Yuan, D. G. York, Zhanhai Zhang, Zhenxi ZhuGet access
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1358by Flood, Victoria A., Strong, Kimberly, Whaley, Cynthia H., Walker, Kaley A., Blumenstock, Thomas, Hannigan, James W., Mellqvist, Johan, Notholt, Justus, Palm, Mathias, Röhling, Amelie N., Arnold, Stephen, Beagley, Stephen, Chien, Rong-You, Christensen, Jesper, Deushi, Makoto, Dobricic, Srdjan, Dong, Xinyi, Fu, Joshua S., Gauss, Michael, Gong, Wanmin, Langner, Joakim, Law, Kathy S., Marelle, Louis, Onishi, Tatsuo, Oshima, Naga, Plummer, David A., Pozzoli, Luca, Raut, Jean-Christophe, Thomas, Manu A., Tsyro, Svetlana, Turnock, StevenGet access
Published 2023
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1359by Flood, Victoria A., Strong, Kimberly, Whaley, Cynthia H., Walker, Kaley A., Blumenstock, Thomas, Hannigan, James W., Mellqvist, Johan, Notholt, Justus, Palm, Mathias, Röhling, Amelie N., Arnold, Stephen, Beagley, Stephen, Chien, Rong-You, Christensen, Jesper, Deushi, Makoto, Dobricic, Srdjan, Dong, Xinyi, Fu, Joshua S., Gauss, Michael, Gong, Wanmin, Langner, Joakim, Law, Kathy S., Marelle, Louis, Onishi, Tatsuo, Oshima, Naga, Plummer, David A., Pozzoli, Luca, Raut, Jean-Christophe, Thomas, Manu A., Tsyro, Svetlana, Turnock, StevenGet access
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1360by Zhu, Jiapeng, Zhang, Hui, Liang, En-Si, Yu, Zhouyi, Yang, Ming, Zhou, Ji-lin, Cui, Xiangqun, Du, Fujia, Gong, Xuefei, Gu, Bozhong, Hu, Lei, Jiang, Peng, Liu, Huigen, Li, Xiaoyan, Li, Zhengyang, Mould, Jeremy, Sun, Tianrui, Suntzeff, Nicholas B., Tao, Charling, Tian, Qiguo, Uddin, Syed A., Wang, Lifan, Wang, Songhu, Wang, Xiaofeng, Wei, Peng, Wright, Duncan, Wittenmyer, Robert A., Xu, Lingzhe, Yang, Shihai, Yuan, Xiangyan, Zhou, Hongyan, Zhu, Zhenxi, Lu, HongkeGet access
Published in The Astronomical Journal (2020)
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