Gong
A gong is a percussion instrument originating in East Asia and Southeast Asia. A gong is a flat, circular metal disc that is typically struck with a mallet. They can be small or large in size, and tuned or can require tuning.The earliest possible depictions of gongs is from the details on the surface of the Ngọc Lũ I bronze drum (c. 3rd to 2nd century BC) from the Dong Son culture of northern Vietnam. It depicts what looks like seven-gong ensembles along with other instruments (including cymbals/bells and the bronze drums themselves). The oldest undisputed historical mention of gongs can be found in sixth century AD Chinese records, which mentioned it as a foreign instrument that came from a country between Tibet and Burma. The term ''gong'' () originated in the Indonesian island of Java. Scientific and archaeological research has established that Burma, China, Java and Annam were the four main gong manufacturing centres of the ancient world. The gong found its way into the Western World in the 18th century, when it was also used in the percussion section of a Western-style symphony orchestra. A form of bronze cauldron gong known as a resting bell was widely used in ancient Greece and Rome: for instance in the famous Oracle of Dodona, where disc gongs were also used.
Gongs generally fall into three types: Suspended gongs are more or less flat, circular discs of metal suspended vertically by means of a cord passed through holes near to the top rim. Bossed or nipple gongs have a raised centre boss or knob and are often suspended and played horizontally. Bowl gongs are bowl-shaped and rest on cushions. The latter may be considered a member of the bell category. Gongs are made mainly from bronze or brass, though there are many other alloys in use.
Gongs produce two distinct types of sound. A gong with a substantially flat surface vibrates in multiple modes, giving a "crash" rather than a tuned note. This category of gong is sometimes called a tam-tam, to distinguish it from the bossed gongs that give a tuned note. In Indonesian gamelan ensembles, some bossed gongs are deliberately made to generate an additional beat note in the range from about 1 to 5 Hz. The use of the term "gong" for both these types of instrument is common. Provided by Wikipedia
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1181by Bonner, Colin S., Ashley, Michael C B, Bradley, Stuart G., Cui, Xiangqun, Feng, LongLong, Gong, Xuefei, Lawrence, Jon S., Luong-Van, Daniel M., Shang, Zhaohui, Storey, John W V, Wang, Lifan, Yang, Huigen, Yang, Ji, Zhou, Xu, Zhu, ZhenxiGet access
Published in SPIE Proceedings, Ground-based and Airborne Telescopes III (2010)
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1182by Oelkers, R.J., Macri, L.M., Wang, L., M.C.B., Ashley, Cui, X., Feng, L.-L., Gong, X., Lawrence, J.S., Qiang, L., Luong-Van, D., Pennypacker, C.R., Yuan, X., York, D.G., Zhou, X., Zhu, Z.Get access
Published 2016
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1183by Ling, F., Wang, J. G., Li, A. H., Zhang, J. Y., Li, M., Gu, Z. M., Gong, X. N., Wang, JG, Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Hydrobiol, Res Ctr Fisheries Biotechnol, Lab Healthy Aquaculture, Wuhan 430072, Peoples R ChinaGet access
Published in Journal of Applied Ichthyology (2008)
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1184
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1185by Zhou, Xu, Wu, Zhenyu, Jiang, Zhaoji, Cui, Xiangqun, Feng, Longlong, Gong, Xuefei, Hu, Jingyao, Li, Qisheng, Liu, Genrong, Ma, Jun, Wang, Jiali, Wang, Lifan, Wu, Jianghua, Xia, Lirong, Yan, Jun, Yuan, Xiangyan, Zhai, Fengxiang, Zhang, Ru, Zhu, ZhenxiGet access
Published in Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics (2010)
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1186by Oelkers, Ryan J., Macri, Lucas M., Wang, Lifan, Ashley, Michael C. B., Cui, Xiangqun, Feng, Long-Long, Gong, Xuefei, Lawrence, Jon S., Qiang, Liu, Luong-Van, Daniel, Pennypacker, Carl R., Yuan, Xiangyan, York, Donald G., Zhou, Xu, Zhu, ZhenxiGet access
Published in The Astronomical Journal (2016)
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1187by Yang, Shiyong, Xu, Wenqiang, Tan, Chaolun, Li, Minghao, Li, Datian, Zhang, Chaoyang, Feng, Langkun, Chen, Qianyu, Jiang, Jun, Li, Yunkun, Du, Zongjun, Luo, Wei, Li, Caiyi, Gong, Quan, Huang, Xiaoli, Du, Xiaogang, Du, Jun, Liu, Guangxun, Wu, JiayunGet access
Published in Frontiers in Microbiology (2022)
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1188by Yuan, Xiangyan, Cui, Xiangqun, Liu, Genrong, Zhai, Fengxiang, Gong, Xuefei, Zhang, Ru, Xia, Lirong, Hu, Jingyao, Lawrence, J. S., Yan, Jun, Storey, John W. V., Wang, Lifan, Feng, Longlong, Ashley, Michael C. B., Zhou, Xu, Jiang, Zhaoji, Zhu, ZhenxiGet access
Published in SPIE Proceedings, Ground-based and Airborne Telescopes II (2008)
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1189by Bonner, Colin S., Ashley, Michael C. B., Bradley, Stuart G., Cui, Xiangqun, Feng, LongLong, Gong, Xuefei, Lawrence, Jon S., Luong-Van, Daniel M., Shang, Zhaohui, Storey, John W. V., Wang, Lifan, Yang, Huigen, Yang, Ji, Zhou, Xu, Zhu, ZhenxiGet access
Published in SPIE Proceedings, Ground-based and Airborne Telescopes III (2010)
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1190by Sims, Geoff, Ashley, Michael C. B., Cui, Xiangqun, Feng, Long Long, Gong, Xuefei, Hu, Zhongwen, Lawrence, Jon S., Luong-Van, Daniel M., Shang, Zhaohui, Storey, John W. V., Tothill, Nick, Wang, Lifan, Yang, Huigen, Yang, Ji, Zhou, Xu, Zhu, ZhenxiGet access
Published in Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union (2012)
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1191by Sims, Geoff, Ashley, Michael C B, Cui, Xiangqun, Feng, Long Long, Gong, Xuefei, Hu, Zhongwen, Lawrence, Jon S., Luong-Van, Daniel M., Shang, Zhaohui, Storey, John W V, Tothill, Nick, Wang, Lifan, Yang, Huigen, Yang, Ji, Zhou, Xu, Zhu, ZhenxiGet access
Published in Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union (2012)
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1192by Zhengchen Su, Qing Chang, Aleksandra Drelich, Thomas Shelite, Barbara Judy, Yakun Liu, Jie Xiao, Changchen Zhou, Xi He, Yang Jin, Tais Saito, Shaojun Tang, Lynn Soong, Maki Wakamiya, Xiang Fang, Alexander Bukreyev, Thomas Ksiazek, William K Russell, Bin GongGet access
Published in PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases (2020)
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1193by Zhong, Yi, Liu, Yanguang, Yang, Hu, Yin, Qiuzhen, Wilson, David J., Lu, Zhengyao, Jaccard, Samuel L., Struve, Torben, Clift, Peter D., Kaboth-Bahr, Stefanie, Larrasoaña, Juan C., Bahr, André, Gong, Xun, Zhao, Debo, Zhang, Yanan, Xia, Wenyue, Liu, QingsongGet access
Published in Geophysical Research Letters (2024)
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1194by Zhong, Yi, Liu, Yanguang, Yang, Hu, Yin, Qiuzhen, Wilson, David J., Lu, Zhengyao, Jaccard, Samuel L., Struve, Torben, Clift, Peter D., Kaboth-Bahr, Stefanie, Larrasoana, Juan C., Bahr, Andre, Gong, Xun, Zhao, Debo, Zhang, Yanan, Xia, Wenyue, Liu, QingsongGet access
Published in Geophysical Research Letters (2024)
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1195by Zhong, Yi, Liu, Yanguang, Yang, Hu, Yin, Qiuzhen, Wilson, David J., Lu, Zhengyao, Jaccard, Samuel L., Struve, Torben, Clift, Peter D., Kaboth-Bahr, Stefanie, Larrasoana, Juan C., Bahr, Andre, Gong, Xun, Zhao, Debo, Zhang, Yanan, Xia, Wenyue, Liu, QingsongGet access
Published in Geophysical Research Letters (2024)
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1196by Xiaopeng Fan, Pavel Talalay, Youhong Sun, Xingchen Li, Nan Zhang, Alexey Markov, Yang Yang, Pinlu Cao, Rusheng Wang, Yongwen Liu, Yunchen Liu, Ting Wang, Wei Wu, Cheng Yang, Jialin Hong, Da Gong, Han Zhang, Mikhail Sysoev, Xiao Li, An Liu, Yazhou LiGet access
Published in Annals of Glaciology (2021)
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1197by Sims, Geoff, Ashley, Michael C. B., Cui, Xiangqun, Feng, Longlong, Gong, Xuefei, Hu, Zhongwen, Lawrence, Jon S., Luong-Van, Daniel M., Shang, Zhaohui, Storey, John W., Tothill, Nicholas F. H. (R17058), Wang, Lifan, Yang, Huigen, Yang, Ji, Zhou, Xu, Zhu, ZhenxiGet access
Published in Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union (2012)
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1198by Gong, Da, Fan, Xiaopeng, Li, Yazhou, Li, Bing, Zhang, Nan, Gromig, Raphael, Smith, Emma, Dummann, Wolff, Berger, Sophie, Eisen, Olaf, Tell, Jan, Biskaborn, Boris K., Koglin, Nikola, Wilhelms, Frank, Broy, Benjamin, Liu, Yunchen, Yang, Yang, Li, Xingchen, Liu, An, Talalay, PavelGet access
Published in Journal of Marine Science and Engineering (2019)
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1199by Da Gong, Xiaopeng Fan, Yazhou Li, Bing Li, Nan Zhang, Raphael Gromig, Emma C. Smith, Wolf Dummann, Sophie Berger, Olaf Eisen, Jan Tell, Boris K. Biskaborn, Nikola Koglin, Frank Wilhelms, Benjamin Broy, Yunchen Liu, Yang Yang, Xingchen Li, An Liu, Pavel TalalayGet access
Published in Journal of Marine Science and Engineering (2019)
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