Germany
Germany, }} officially the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG),, }} is a country in Central Europe. It lies between the Baltic and North Sea to the north and the Alps to the south. Its 16 constituent states have a total population of over 82 million in an area of , making it the most populous member state of the European Union. It borders Denmark to the north, Poland and Czechia to the east, Austria and Switzerland to the south, and France, Luxembourg, Belgium, and the Netherlands to the west. The nation's capital and most populous city is Berlin and its main financial centre is Frankfurt; the largest urban area is the Ruhr.Settlement in what is now Germany began in the Lower Paleolithic, with various tribes inhabiting it from the Neolithic onward, chiefly the Celts. Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity. A region named Germania was documented before AD 100. In 962, the Kingdom of Germany formed the bulk of the Holy Roman Empire. During the 16th century, northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation. Following the Napoleonic Wars and the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, the German Confederation was formed in 1815.
Formal unification of Germany into the modern nation-state commenced on 18 August 1866 with the North German Confederation Treaty establishing the Prussia-led North German Confederation later transformed in 1871 into the German Empire. After World War I and the German Revolution of 1918–1919, the Empire was in turn transformed into the Weimar Republic. The Nazi rise to power in 1933 led to the establishment of a totalitarian dictatorship, World War II, and the Holocaust. After the end of World War II in Europe and a period of Allied occupation, in 1949, Germany as a whole was organized into two separate polities with limited sovereignty: the Federal Republic of Germany, generally known as West Germany, and the German Democratic Republic, known as East Germany, while Berlin continued its ''de jure'' Four Power status. The Federal Republic of Germany was a founding member of the European Economic Community and the European Union, while the German Democratic Republic was a communist Eastern Bloc state and member of the Warsaw Pact. After the fall of the communist led-government in East Germany, German reunification saw the former East German states join the Federal Republic of Germany on 3 October 1990.
Germany has been described as a great power with a strong economy; it has the largest economy in Europe. As a global power in industrial, scientific and technological sectors, it is both the world's third-largest exporter and importer. As a developed country it offers social security, a universal health care system, and tuition-free university education. Germany is a member of the United Nations, Council of Europe, NATO and OECD, and a founding member of the European Union, G7 and G20. It has the third-greatest number of UNESCO World Heritage Sites (54), with the second-most cultural sites (51). Provided by Wikipedia
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301by Damaske, D.Contributors: “...Damaske, D.; Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe (BGR), Hannover, Germany...”
Published 1999
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302by Glückler, Ramesh, Geng, Rongwei, Grimm, Lennart, Baisheva, Izabella, Herzschuh, Ulrike, Stoof-Leichsenring, Kathleen R., Kruse, Stefan, Andreev, Andrei, Pestryakova, Luidmila, Dietze, ElisabethContributors: “... Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Potsdam, Germany...”
Published in Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution (2022)
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303by Wedekind, C., Immler, F., Mielke, B., Rairoux, P., Stein, B., Woste, L., Del Guasta, M., Morandi, M., Stefanutti, L., Masci, F., Rizi, V., Matthey, R., Mitev, V., Douard, M., Wolf, J. P., Kyro, E.Contributors: “...Wedekind, C.; Freie Universitat Berlin, Germany...”
Published 1996
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304Contributors: “...Schintgen, Tom Vincent; Leibniz Institute for Applied Geophysics (LIAG), Hannover, Germany...”
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305by Cameron, Louise P., Reymond, Claire E., Bijma, Jelle, Büscher, Janina V., De Beer, Dirk, Guillermic, Maxence, Eagle, Robert A., Gunnell, John, Müller-Lundin, Fiona, Schmidt-Grieb, Gertraud M., Westfield, Isaac, Westphal, Hildegard, Ries, Justin B.Contributors: “...Leibniz Centre for Tropical Marine Research (ZMT), 28359 Bremen, Germany...”
Published in Journal of Marine Science and Engineering (2022)
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306by Wedekind, C., Immler, F., Mielke, B., Rairoux, P., Stein, B., Woste, L., Del Guasta, M., Morandi, M., Stefanutti, L., Masci, F., Rizi, V., Matthey, R., Mitev, V., Douard, M., Wolf, J. P., Kyro, E.Contributors: “...Wedekind, C.; Freie Universitat Berlin (Germany)...”
Published 1995
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307by Daskalopoulou, Kyriaki, D'Alessandro, Walter, Longo, Manfredi, Pecoraino, Giovannella, Calabrese, SergioContributors: “...Institute of Geosciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam Golm, Germany, FZ German Research Centre...”
Published in Frontiers in Marine Science (2022)
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308Contributors: “...Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany...”
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309by Maccaferri, F., Rivalta, E., Passarelli, L., Jonsson, SigurjonContributors: “...GeoForschungsZentrum Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany...”
Published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth (2013)
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310CARD15 mutations in patients with plaque-type psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis: lack of associationby Elder, James T., Nair, Rajan P., Kabelitz, Dietrich, Stuart, Philip, Schreiber, Stefan, Voorhees, John J., Christophers, Enno, Weichenthal, Michael, Jenisch, Stefan, Hampe, JochenContributors: “...Department of Immunology, University of Kiel, Michaelisstr. 5, 24105, Kiel, Germany,...”
Published in Archives of Dermatological Research (2006)
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311Genome sequence and functional genomic analysis of the oil-degrading bacterium Oleispira antarctica.by Kube, Michael, Chernikova, Tatyana N, Al-Ramahi, Yamal, Beloqui, Ana, Lopez-Cortez, Nieves, Guazzaroni, María-Eugenia, Heipieper, Hermann J, Klages, Sven, Kotsyurbenko, Oleg R, Langer, Ines, Nechitaylo, Taras Y, Lünsdorf, Heinrich, Fernández, Marisol, Juárez, Silvia, Ciordia, Sergio, Singer, Alexander, Kagan, Olga, Egorova, Olga, Alain Petit, Pierre, Stogios, Peter, Kim, Youngchang, Tchigvintsev, Anatoli, Flick, Robert, Denaro, Renata, Genovese, Maria, Albar, Juan P, Reva, Oleg N, Martínez-Gomariz, Montserrat, Tran, Hai, Ferrer, Manuel, Savchenko, Alexei, Yakunin, Alexander F, Yakimov, Michail M, Golyshina, Olga V, Reinhardt, Richard, Golyshin, Peter NContributors: “...1 Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin-Dahlem D-14195, Germany 2 Section...”
Published in Nature Communications (2013)
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312Contributors: “... (With Herbarium), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany...”
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313by Schulz, Isabelle Katharina, Montresor, M, Klaas, C, Assmy, P, Wolzenburg, S, Gauns, M, Sarkar, A, Thiele, S, Wolf-Gladrow, D, Naqvi, W, Smetacek, VContributors: “...MARUM - Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany...”
Published in Marine Ecology Progress Series (2018)
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314by Wünnemann, Bernd, Reinhardt, Christian, Kotlia, Bahadur S., Riedel, FrankContributors: “...Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, Germany...”
Published in Permafrost and Periglacial Processes (2008)
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316by Gries, Philipp, Schmidt, Karsten, Scholten, Thomas, Kühn, PeterContributors: “...Baden-Wuerttemberg, Germany...”
Published in Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science (2020)
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317by Baumann, Frank, He, Jin-Sheng, Schmidt, Karsten, Kuehn, Peter, Scholten, ThomasContributors: “... Tubingen, Germany....”
Published in Global Change Biology (2009)
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318by Westerhold, Thomas, Marwan, Norbert, Drury, Anna Joy, Liebrand, Diederik, Agnini, Claudia, Anagnostou, Eleni, Barnet, James S K, Bohaty, Steven M, De Vleeschouwer, David, Florindo, Fabio, Frederichs, Thomas, Hodell, David, Holbourn, Ann, Kroon, Dick, Lauretano, Vittoria, Littler, Kate, Lourens, Lucas, Lyle, Mitchell, Pälike, Heiko, Röhl, Ursula, Tian, Jun, Wilkens, Roy H, Wilson, Paul A, Zachos, James CContributors: “...MARUM–Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany...”
Published in Science (2020)
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319by Arbieu, Ugo, Helsper, Kathrin, Dadvar, Maral, Mueller, Thomas, Niamir, AidinContributors: “..., Germany...”
Published in Biological Conservation (2021)
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320Contributors: “...Projektbereich 4.1, Geoforschungszentrum Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany, DE...”
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