Germany
Germany, }} officially the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG),, }} is a country in Central Europe. It lies between the Baltic and North Sea to the north and the Alps to the south. Its 16 constituent states have a total population of over 82 million in an area of , making it the most populous member state of the European Union. It borders Denmark to the north, Poland and Czechia to the east, Austria and Switzerland to the south, and France, Luxembourg, Belgium, and the Netherlands to the west. The nation's capital and most populous city is Berlin and its main financial centre is Frankfurt; the largest urban area is the Ruhr.Settlement in what is now Germany began in the Lower Paleolithic, with various tribes inhabiting it from the Neolithic onward, chiefly the Celts. Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity. A region named Germania was documented before AD 100. In 962, the Kingdom of Germany formed the bulk of the Holy Roman Empire. During the 16th century, northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation. Following the Napoleonic Wars and the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, the German Confederation was formed in 1815.
Formal unification of Germany into the modern nation-state commenced on 18 August 1866 with the North German Confederation Treaty establishing the Prussia-led North German Confederation later transformed in 1871 into the German Empire. After World War I and the German Revolution of 1918–1919, the Empire was in turn transformed into the Weimar Republic. The Nazi rise to power in 1933 led to the establishment of a totalitarian dictatorship, World War II, and the Holocaust. After the end of World War II in Europe and a period of Allied occupation, in 1949, Germany as a whole was organized into two separate polities with limited sovereignty: the Federal Republic of Germany, generally known as West Germany, and the German Democratic Republic, known as East Germany, while Berlin continued its ''de jure'' Four Power status. The Federal Republic of Germany was a founding member of the European Economic Community and the European Union, while the German Democratic Republic was a communist Eastern Bloc state and member of the Warsaw Pact. After the fall of the communist led-government in East Germany, German reunification saw the former East German states join the Federal Republic of Germany on 3 October 1990.
Germany has been described as a great power with a strong economy; it has the largest economy in Europe. As a global power in industrial, scientific and technological sectors, it is both the world's third-largest exporter and importer. As a developed country it offers social security, a universal health care system, and tuition-free university education. Germany is a member of the United Nations, Council of Europe, NATO and OECD, and a founding member of the European Union, G7 and G20. It has the third-greatest number of UNESCO World Heritage Sites (54), with the second-most cultural sites (51). Provided by Wikipedia
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281by Jiao, Nianzhi, 焦念志, Herndl, Gerhard J.(Univ Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria), Hansell, Dennis A.(Univ Miamis, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Miami, FL USA), Benner, Ronald(Univ S Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208 USA), Kattner, Gerhard(Alfred Wegener Inst Polar & Marine Res, D-27570 Bremerhaven, Germany), Wilhelm, Steven W.(Univ Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA), Kirchman, David L.(Univ Delaware, Sch Marine Sci & Policy, Cannon Lab 222, Lewes, DE 19958 USA), Weinbauer, Markus G.(CNRS, F-06230 Villefrance Sur Mer, France), Luo, Tingwei, 骆庭伟, Chen, Feng(Univ Maryland, Inst Marine & Environm Technol, Ctr Environm Sci, Baltimore, MD 21012 USA), Azam, Farooq(Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA)Get access
Published in Nature Reviews Microbiology (2010)
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282by National Climatic Data Center/NESDIS/NOAA/U.S. Department Of Commerce, Data Support Section/Computational And Information Systems Laboratory/National Center For Atmospheric Research/University Corporation For Atmospheric Research, Earth System Research Laboratory/NOAA/U.S. Department Of Commerce, Cooperative Institute For Research In Environmental Sciences/University Of Colorado, Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory/OAR/NOAA/U.S. Department Of Commerce, National Data Buoy Center/National Weather Service/NOAA/U.S. Department Of Commerce, Integrated Science Data Management/Fisheries And Oceans/Canada, Met Office/Ministry Of Defence/United Kingdom, National Centers For Environmental Prediction/National Weather Service/NOAA/U.S. Department Of Commerce, Ocean Climate Laboratory/National Oceanographic Data Center/NESDIS/NOAA/U.S. Department Of Commerce, TRITON Office/Japan Marine Science And Technology Center/Japan, Center For Ocean-Atmospheric Prediction Studies/Florida State University, Deutscher Wetterdienst German Meteorological Service/Germany, World Meteorological Organization/United Nations, National Oceanography Centre/Southampton/United KingdomGet access
Published 1984
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283by European Values Study Group, Riffault, H., Faits et Opinions * Paris, France, Barker, D., Harding, S., Heald, G., Timms, N., Gallup Poll * London, Great Britain, Kocher, R., Institut fuer Demoskopie * Allensbach am Bodensee, West Germany, Capraro, G., Gubert, R., University of Trento * Italy, Orizo, F., Elzo, J., Data SA * Madrid, Spain, Franca, L. de, Euro Exansao SA * Lisbon, Portugal, Halman, L., Heunks, F.J., Moor, R.A. de, Institute for Social Research, IVA * Tilburg, the Netherlands, Dobbelaere, K., Kerkhofs, J., Dimarso * Brussels, Belgium, Gundelach, P., Riis, O., Danish National Institute of Social Research * Copenhagen, Denmark, Listhaug, O., Norwegian Central Bureau of Statistics * Oslo, Norway, Pettersson, T., SIFO * Stockholm, Sweden, Kennedy, K., Whelan, C., Economic and Social Research Institute * Dublin, Ireland, Inglehart, R., Gallup organization inc. * USA, Nevitte, N., Gallup Canada * Canada, Jonsson, F., University of Iceland * Iceland (primary investigator)Contributors: “... * Allensbach am Bodensee, West GermanyUniversity of Trento * ItalyData SA * Madrid, SpainEuro Exansao SA...”
Published 1990
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284by Järvinen, Emma, McCluskey, Christina S., Waitz, Fritz, Schnaiter, Martin, Bansemer, Aaron, Bardeen, Charles G., Gettelman, Andrew, Heymsfield, Andrew, Stith, Jeffrey L., Wu, Wei, D’Alessandro, John J., McFarquhar, Greg M., Diao, Minghui, Finlon, Joseph A., Hill, Thomas C. J., Levin, Ezra J. T., Moore, Kathryn A., DeMott, Paul J., McCluskey, Christina S.; 1 National Center for Atmospheric Research Boulder CO USA, Waitz, Fritz; 3 Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Karlsruhe Germany, Schnaiter, Martin; 3 Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Karlsruhe Germany, Bansemer, Aaron; 1 National Center for Atmospheric Research Boulder CO USA, Bardeen, Charles G.; 1 National Center for Atmospheric Research Boulder CO USA, Gettelman, Andrew; 1 National Center for Atmospheric Research Boulder CO USA, Heymsfield, Andrew; 1 National Center for Atmospheric Research Boulder CO USA, Stith, Jeffrey L.; 1 National Center for Atmospheric Research Boulder CO USA, Wu, Wei; 5 Cooperative Institute for Severe and High Impact Weather Research and Operations University of Oklahoma Norman OK USA, D’Alessandro, John J.; 5 Cooperative Institute for Severe and High Impact Weather Research and Operations University of Oklahoma Norman OK USA, McFarquhar, Greg M.; 5 Cooperative Institute for Severe and High Impact Weather Research and Operations University of Oklahoma Norman OK USA, Diao, Minghui; 7 Department of Meteorology and Climate Science San Jose State University San Jose CA USA, Finlon, Joseph A.; 8 Department of Atmospheric Sciences University of Washington Seattle WA USA, Hill, Thomas C. J.; 9 Department of Atmospheric Science Colorado State University Fort Collins CO USA, Levin, Ezra J. T.; 9 Department of Atmospheric Science Colorado State University Fort Collins CO USA, Moore, Kathryn A.; 9 Department of Atmospheric Science Colorado State University Fort Collins CO USA, DeMott, Paul J.; 9 Department of Atmospheric Science Colorado State University Fort Collins CO USAGet access
Published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres (2022)
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285by Schultz, Júnia, Parise, Mariana Teixeira Dornelles, Parise, Doglas, Medeiros, Laenne G., Sousa, Thiago J., Kato, Rodrigo B., Uetanabaro, Ana Paula Trovatti, Araújo, Fabrício, Ramos, Rommel Thiago Jucá, de Castro Soares, Siomar, Rosado, Alexandre S., Brenig, Bertram B., de Carvalho Azevedo, Vasco Ariston, Góes-Neto, Aristóteles, 1Red Sea Research Center, Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Makkah 23955, Saudi Arabia, 3Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil, 4Laboratory of Molecular Microbial Ecology, Institute of Microbiology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil, 6Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil, 7Institute of Biological and Natural Sciences, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba 38025-180, MG, Brazil, Brenig, Bertram, 8Department of Molecular Biology of Livestock, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Georg August University, 37077 Göttingen, GermanyContributors: “..., Georg August University, 37077 Göttingen, Germany...”
Published in Microorganisms (2022)
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286by De Vleeschouwer, David, Penman, Donald E., D'haenens, Simon, Wu, Fei, Westerhold, Thomas, Vahlenkamp, Maximilian, Cappelli, Carlotta, Agnini, Claudia, Kordesch, Wendy E. C., King, Daniel J., van der Ploeg, Robin, Pälike, Heiko, Turner, Sandra Kirtland, Wilson, Paul, Norris, Richard D., Zachos, James C., Bohaty, Steven M., Hull, Pincelli M., 3 Department of Geosciences Utah State University Logan UT USA, 4 Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences Yale University New Haven CT USA, 7 School of Earth Sciences State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources China University of Geosciences Wuhan China, 2 MARUM ‐ Center for Marine Environmental Sciences University of Bremen Bremen Germany, 8 Dipartimento di Geoscienze Università di Padova Padova Italy, 9 Greater Farallones Association San Francisco CA USA, 10 School of Geography, Environment, and Earth Sciences Victoria University of Wellington Wellington New Zealand, 11 Department of Earth Sciences Utrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands, 13 Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences University of California – Riverside Riverside CA USA, 14 Ocean and Earth Science University of Southampton National Oceanography Centre Southampton UK, 15 Center for Marine Biodiversity and Conservation Scripps Institution of Oceanography University of California San Diego La Jolla CA USA, 16 Department of Earth & Planetary Science University of California Santa Cruz CA USAGet access
Published in Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology (2023)
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287by INTERMAGNET, Addis Ababa University, Institute of Geophysics, Space Science and Astronomy (Ethiopia), Altay-Sayan Branch of Geophysical Survey of Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences (Russia), Bureau Central de Magnétisme Terrestre, BCMT (France), Beijing Ming Tombs Geomagnetic Observatory Center, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (China), Bogaziçi University, Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Institute (Turkey), British Antarctic Survey (United Kingdom), British Geological Survey (United Kingdom), Centre de Recherche en Astronomie Astrophysique et Géophysique (Algeria), Department of Meteorology (Republic of Maldives), Dirección Meteorológica de Chile (Chile), École et Observatoire des Sciences de la Terre (France), Natural Resources of Canada / Geological Survey of Canada (Canada), Finnish Meteorological Institute (Finland), Fundació Observatori de l'Ebre (Spain), Geodetic and Geophysical Research Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (Hungary), Geological and Geophysical Institute of Hungary (Hungary), Geological Institute of Romania (Romania), Geological Survey of Sweden (Sweden), Geomagnetic Institute Grocka (Serbia), Geophysical Institute of Slovak Academy of Sciences, Geophysical Institute of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (Bulagaria), Geoscience Australia (Australia), Geophysical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Russia), GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences (Germany), Government of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, Indian Institute of Geomagnetism (India), Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (France), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (France), Institut Polaire Français Paul Émile Victor (France), Institut fur Geophysik, ETH Zurich (Switzerland), Institute of Cosmophysical Researches and Radio Wave Propagation FEB RAS (Russia), Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (China), Institute of Geology and Mineral Exploration (Greece), Institute of Geophysics of the Vietnamese Academy of Science and Technology (Vietnam), Institute of Geophysics, Academy of Sciences of Czech Republic (Czech Republic), Institute of Geophysics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (Ukraine), Institute of Geophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences (Poland), Institute of Solar-Terrestrial Physics of Siberian Division of Russian Academy of Science (Russia), Institute of the Ionosphere, National Center of Space Researches and Technologies (Kazakhstan), Instituto Geofísico del Perú (Peru), Instituto Geográfico Nacional (Spain), Irish Meteorological Service (Ireland), Japan Meteorological Agency (Japan), Lanzhou Institute of Seismology of the China Earthquake Administration (China), Ludwig Maximilians University Munich (Germany), National Antarctic Scientific Center, Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine (Ukraine), National Geophysical Research Institute (India), National Meteorological Service of Argentina (Argentina), National Space Institute, Technical University of Denmark (Denmark), Real Instituto y Observatorio de la Armada (Spain), Royal Meteorological Institute (Belgium), Schmidt Institute of Physics of the Earth of Russian Academy of Sciences (Russia), South African National Space Agency (South Africa), Swedish Institute of Space Physics (Sweden), The Institute of Geological & Nuclear Sciences Ltd (New Zealand), The Ministry of Natural Resources, Environment and Meteorology (Samoa), U.S. Geological Survey (USA), Universidad Nacional de La Plata (Argentina), University of Oulu (Finland), Yu. G. Shafer Institute of Cosmophysical Research and Aeronomy SB RAS (Russia)Get access
Published 2017
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288by I. Cerveri, F. Locatelli, M. C. Zoia, A. Corsico, S. Accordini, R. de Marco, on behalf of the ECRHS Austria: W. Popp, A.u.s.t.r.a.l.i.a.:.M. Abramson, J. Kutin, Belgium: P. Vermeire, F. van Bastelaer, France: J. Bousquet, J. Knani, F. Neukirch, R. Liard, I. Pin, C. Pison, A. Taytard, Germany: H. Magnussen, D. Nowak, H. E. Wichmann, J. Heinrich, Greece: N. Papageorgiou, P. Avarlis, M. Gaga, C. Marossis, Iceland: T. Gislason, D. Gislason, Ireland: J. Prichard, S. Allwright, D. MacLeod, Italy: M. Bugiani, L. Cascio, C. Campello, A. Marinoni, L. Casali, the Netherlands: B. Rijcken, A. Kremer, New Zealand: J. Crane, S. Lewis, Norway: A. Gulsvik, E. Omenaas, Portugal: J. A. Marques, J. Alves, Spain: J. M. AntoÁ, J. Sunyer, F. Burgos, J. CastellsangueÂ, J. Roca, J. B. Soriano, A. TobiÁas, N. Muniozguren, J. Ramos GonzaÁles, A. Capelastegui, J. Castillo, J. Rodriguez Portal, J. Martinez Moratalla, E. Almar, J. Maldonado PeÂrez, A. Pereira, J. SaÁnchez, J. Quiros, I. Huerta, F. Pavo, Sweden: G. Boman, C. Janson, E. Bjornsson, L. Rosenhall, E. Norrman, B. Lundback, N. Lindholm, P. Plaschke, Switzerland: U. Ackermann Liebrich, N. Kunzli, A. Perruchoud, UK: M. Burr, J. Layzell, R. Hall, B. Harrison, J. Stark, USA: S. Buist, W. Vollmer, M. Osborne, BUCCA, Caterina, ROMANO, CanzioContributors: “...Germany: H. Magnussen...”
Published 1999
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289by Estop‐Aragonés, Cristian, Olefeldt, David, Abbott, Benjamin W., Chanton, Jeffrey P., Czimczik, Claudia I., Dean, Joshua F., Egan, Jocelyn E., Gandois, Laure, Garnett, Mark H., Hartley, Iain P., Hoyt, Alison, Lupascu, Massimo, Natali, Susan M., O'Donnell, Jonathan A., Raymond, Peter A., Tanentzap, Andrew J., Tank, Suzanne E., Schuur, Edward A. G., Turetsky, Merritt, Anthony, Katey Walter, 1 Department of Renewable Resources University of Alberta Edmonton Canada, 3 Department of Plant and Wildlife Sciences Brigham Young University Provo UT USA, 4 Department of Earth Ocean and Atmospheric Science Florida State University Tallahassee FL USA, 5 Department of Earth System Science University of California Irvine CA USA, 6 School of Environmental Sciences University of Liverpool Liverpool UK, 7 Department of Earth Sciences Dalhousie University Halifax Canada, 8 Laboratoire Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement Université de Toulouse, CNRS Toulouse France, 9 NEIF Radiocarbon Laboratory, Scottish Enterprise Technology Park, Rankine Avenue East Kilbride UK, 10 Geography, College of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Exeter Exeter UK, 11 Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry Jena Germany, 12 Department of Geography National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore, 13 Woodwell Climate Research Center Falmouth MA USA, 14 National Park Service, Arctic Network Anchorage AK USA, 15 Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies New Haven CT USA, 16 Ecosystems and Global Change Group, Department of Plant Sciences University of Cambridge Cambridge UK, 17 Department of Biological Sciences University of Alberta Edmonton Canada, 18 Department of Biological Sciences Northern Arizona University Flagstaff AZ USA, 19 Department of Integrative Biology University of Guelph Guelph Canada, 20 Water and Environmental Research Center University of Alaska Fairbanks Fairbanks AK USAGet access
Published in Global Biogeochemical Cycles (2020)
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290by Port, Markus, Henkelmann, Antje, Schröder, Friederike, Waltert, Matthias, Middelhoff, Lilli, Anders, Ole, Jokisch, SusanneContributors: “...Port, Markus; Department of Behavioral Ecology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany...”
Published in Mammal Research (2020)
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291by Smith, Emma C., Hattermann, Tore, Kuhn, Gerhard, Gaedicke, Christoph, Berger, Sophie, Drews, Reinhard, Ehlers, Todd A., Franke, Dieter, Gromig, Rapahel, Hofstede, Coen, Lambrecht, Astrid, Läufer, Andreas, Mayer, Christoph, Tiedemann, Ralf, Wilhelms, Frank, Eisen, OlafContributors: “... Bremerhaven Germany...”
Published in Geophysical Research Letters (2020)
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292by Worheide, Gert, Kaltenbacher, Emilie, Cowan, Zara Louise, Haszprunar, GerhardContributors: “...-Universität München, Munich, Germany...”
Published in Zootaxa (2022)
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293by Steinbrecht, W., Haßler, B., Bruhl, C., Dameris, C., Giorgetta, M., Grewe, V., Manzini, E., Matthes, S., Schnadt, C., Steil, B., Winkler, P.Contributors: “..., Hohenpeißenberg, Germany...”
Published in Journal of Geophysical Research (2006)
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294Contributors: “...Tiralla, Nina; Bioclimatology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany...”
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295Contributors: “...Deutsche Bundesstiftung Umwelt, Germany...”
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296Fire disturbance promotes biodiversity of plants, lichens and birds in the Siberian subarctic tundraby Heim, Ramona J., Heim, Wieland, Bültmann, Helga, Kamp, Johannes, Rieker, Daniel, Yurtaev, Andrey, Hölzel, NorbertContributors: “...Heim, Wieland; 1 Institute of Landscape Ecology University of Münster Münster Germany...”
Published in Global Change Biology (2021)
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297Contributors: “...Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology (Bremen, Germany)...”
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298by Mattner, Clara JohannaContributors: “...52nd Annual Meeting of the Ecological Society of Germany, Austria and Switzerland; Leipzig, Germany...”
Published 2023
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299by Langer, M., Westermann, S., Boike, J., Kirillin, G., Grosse, G., Peng, S., Krinner, G.Contributors: “...Langer, M (reprint author), Humboldt Univ, Dept Geog, Berlin, Germany.; Langer, M (reprint author...”
Published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface (2016)
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300by Latif, M.Contributors: “...Latif, M.; Max-Planck-Institut für Meteorologie, Hamburg, Germany...”
Published 2003
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