Germany
Germany, }} officially the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG),, }} is a country in Central Europe. It lies between the Baltic and North Sea to the north and the Alps to the south. Its 16 constituent states have a total population of over 82 million in an area of , making it the most populous member state of the European Union. It borders Denmark to the north, Poland and Czechia to the east, Austria and Switzerland to the south, and France, Luxembourg, Belgium, and the Netherlands to the west. The nation's capital and most populous city is Berlin and its main financial centre is Frankfurt; the largest urban area is the Ruhr.Settlement in what is now Germany began in the Lower Paleolithic, with various tribes inhabiting it from the Neolithic onward, chiefly the Celts. Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity. A region named Germania was documented before AD 100. In 962, the Kingdom of Germany formed the bulk of the Holy Roman Empire. During the 16th century, northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation. Following the Napoleonic Wars and the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, the German Confederation was formed in 1815.
Formal unification of Germany into the modern nation-state commenced on 18 August 1866 with the North German Confederation Treaty establishing the Prussia-led North German Confederation later transformed in 1871 into the German Empire. After World War I and the German Revolution of 1918–1919, the Empire was in turn transformed into the Weimar Republic. The Nazi rise to power in 1933 led to the establishment of a totalitarian dictatorship, World War II, and the Holocaust. After the end of World War II in Europe and a period of Allied occupation, in 1949, Germany as a whole was organized into two separate polities with limited sovereignty: the Federal Republic of Germany, generally known as West Germany, and the German Democratic Republic, known as East Germany, while Berlin continued its ''de jure'' Four Power status. The Federal Republic of Germany was a founding member of the European Economic Community and the European Union, while the German Democratic Republic was a communist Eastern Bloc state and member of the Warsaw Pact. After the fall of the communist led-government in East Germany, German reunification saw the former East German states join the Federal Republic of Germany on 3 October 1990.
Germany has been described as a great power with a strong economy; it has the largest economy in Europe. As a global power in industrial, scientific and technological sectors, it is both the world's third-largest exporter and importer. As a developed country it offers social security, a universal health care system, and tuition-free university education. Germany is a member of the United Nations, Council of Europe, NATO and OECD, and a founding member of the European Union, G7 and G20. It has the third-greatest number of UNESCO World Heritage Sites (54), with the second-most cultural sites (51). Provided by Wikipedia
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221by Thora Martina Herrmann (University of Oulu, Finland & Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research- UFZ, Germany), Francesca Brunner Alfani (Arctic Centre, University Groningen, The Netherlands), Anne Chahine (Research Institute for Sustainability (RIFS) – Helmholtz Centre Potsdam, Germany), Nina Doering (Research Institute for Sustainability (RIFS) – Helmholtz Centre Potsdam, Germany), Stephan Dudeck (University of Tartu, Estonia & Research Institute for Sustainability (RIFS) - Helmholtz Centre Potsdam, Germany & Foundation for Siberian Cultures, Germany), Josef Elster (University of Southern Bohemia, Centre for Polar Ecology, Czech Republic), Eva Fjellheim (Sámiráđđi – Saami Council), Jan Erik Henriksen (The Indigenous Voices (IVO) research group – Álgoálbmogii jienat, The Arctic University of Norway (UiT)), Nina Hermansen (The Indigenous Voices (IVO) research group – Álgoálbmogii jienat, The Arctic University of Norway (UiT)), Aslak Holmberg (Sámiráđđi – Saami Council), Britt Kramvig (The Indigenous Voices (IVO) research group – Álgoálbmogii jienat, The Arctic University of Norway (UiT)), Anja Márjá Nystø Keskitalo (Sámiráđđi – Saami Council), Elle Merete Omma (Sámiráđđi – Saami Council), Gertrude Saxinger (Department of Political Science, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Vienna), Annette Scheepstra (Arctic Centre, University Groningen, The Netherlands), Jorrit van der Schot (University of Graz, Austria & Austrian Polar Research Institute APRI)Get access
Published 2023
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222by Gertrude Saxinger (Department of Political Science, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Vienna), Thora Martina Herrmann (University of Oulu, Finland & Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research- UFZ, Germany), Francesca Brunner Alfani (Arctic Centre, University Groningen, The Netherlands), Anne Chahine (Research Institute for Sustainability (RIFS) – Helmholtz Centre Potsdam, Germany), Nina Doering (Research Institute for Sustainability (RIFS) – Helmholtz Centre Potsdam, Germany), Stephan Dudeck (University of Tartu, Estonia & Research Institute for Sustainability (RIFS) - Helmholtz Centre Potsdam, Germany & Foundation for Siberian Cultures, Germany), Josef Elster (University of Southern Bohemia, Centre for Polar Ecology, Czech Republic), Eva Fjellheim (Eva Fjellheim Sámiráđđi – Saami Council), Jan Erik Henriksen (The Indigenous Voices (IVO) research group – Álgoálbmogii jienat, The Arctic University of Norway (UiT)), Nina Hermansen (The Indigenous Voices (IVO) research group – Álgoálbmogii jienat, The Arctic University of Norway (UiT)), Aslak Holmberg (Sámiráđđi – Saami Council), Britt Kramvig (The Indigenous Voices (IVO) research group – Álgoálbmogii jienat, The Arctic University of Norway (UiT)), Anja Márjá Nystø Keskitalo (Sámiráđđi – Saami Council), Elle Merete Omma (Sámiráđđi – Saami Council), Annette Scheepstra (Arctic Centre, University Groningen, The Netherlands), Jorrit van der Schot (University of Graz)Get access
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223by Thora Martina Herrmann (University of Oulu, Finland & Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research- UFZ, Germany), Francesca Brunner Alfani (Arctic Centre, University Groningen, The Netherlands), Anne Chahine (Research Institute for Sustainability (RIFS) – Helmholtz Centre Potsdam, Germany), Nina Doering (Research Institute for Sustainability (RIFS) – Helmholtz Centre Potsdam, Germany), Stephan Dudeck (University of Tartu, Estonia & Research Institute for Sustainability (RIFS) - Helmholtz Centre Potsdam, Germany & Foundation for Siberian Cultures, Germany), Josef Elster (University of Southern Bohemia, Centre for Polar Ecology, Czech Republic), Eva Fjellheim (Sámiráđđi – Saami Council), Jan Erik Henriksen (The Indigenous Voices (IVO) research group – Álgoálbmogii jienat, The Arctic University of Norway (UiT)), Nina Hermansen (The Indigenous Voices (IVO) research group – Álgoálbmogii jienat, The Arctic University of Norway (UiT)), Aslak Holmberg (Sámiráđđi – Saami Council), Britt Kramvig (The Indigenous Voices (IVO) research group – Álgoálbmogii jienat, The Arctic University of Norway (UiT)), Anja Márjá Nystø Keskitalo (Sámiráđđi – Saami Council), Elle Merete Omma (Sámiráđđi – Saami Council), Gertrude Saxinger (Department of Political Science, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Vienna), Annette Scheepstra (Arctic Centre, University Groningen, The Netherlands), Jorrit van der Schot (University of Graz, Austria & Austrian Polar Research Institute APRI)Get access
Published 2023
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225by Anders, Katharina, Marx, Sabrina, Boike, Julia, Herfort, Benjamin, Wilcox, Evan James, Langer, Moritz, Marsh, Philip, Höfle, Bernhard, 1 3D Geospatial Data Processing Group (3DGeo) Institute of Geography, Heidelberg University 69120 Heidelberg Germany, 3 Alfred Wegener Institute (AWI), Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research 14473 Potsdam Germany, 5 Cold Regions Research Centre Wilfrid Laurier University Waterloo N2L 3C5 CanadaGet access
Published in Earth Surface Processes and Landforms (2020)
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226by Savi, Sara, Comiti, Francesco, Strecker, Manfred R., Comiti, Francesco; 2 Faculty of Science and Technology Free University of Bozen‐Bolzano Bolzano Italy, Strecker, Manfred R.; 1 Institute of Geosciences University of Potsdam Potsdam GermanyGet access
Published in Earth Surface Processes and Landforms (2021)
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227
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228by Wosnitza, J. (Karlsruhe Univ. (T.H.) (Germany). Physikalisches Inst.), Crabtree, G. W., Williams, J. M., Wang, H. H., Carlson, K. D., Geiser, U. (Argonne National Lab., IL (United States))Get access
Published 1993
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229by Zuhr, Alexandra M., Wahl, Sonja, Steen‐Larsen, Hans Christian, Hörhold, Maria, Meyer, Hanno, Laepple, Thomas, 3 School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne Lausanne Switzerland, 4 University of Bergen and Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research Bergen Norway, 5 Alfred‐Wegener‐Institut Helmholtz Zentrum für Polar‐ und Meeresforschung Research Unit Bremerhaven Bremerhaven Germany, 1 Alfred‐Wegener‐Institut Helmholtz Zentrum für Polar‐ und Meeresforschung Research Unit Potsdam Potsdam GermanyGet access
Published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface (2023)
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230by Hauser, Seraphine, Mueller, Sebastian, Chen, Xiaoyang, Chen, Ting‐Chen, Pinto, Joaquim G., Grams, Christian M., 1 Department Troposphere Research (IMK‐TRO) Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Karlsruhe GermanyGet access
Published in Geophysical Research Letters (2023)
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231by Wohltmann, I., von der Gathen, P., Lehmann, R., Deckelmann, H., Manney, G. L., Davies, J., Tarasick, D., Jepsen, N., Kivi, R., Lyall, N., Rex, M., von der Gathen, P.; 1 Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research Potsdam Germany, Lehmann, R.; 1 Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research Potsdam Germany, Deckelmann, H.; 1 Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research Potsdam Germany, Manney, G. L.; 2 NorthWest Research Associates Socorro NM USA, Davies, J.; 4 Air Quality Research Division Environment and Climate Change Canada Downsview ON Canada, Tarasick, D.; 4 Air Quality Research Division Environment and Climate Change Canada Downsview ON Canada, Jepsen, N.; 5 Danish Meteorological Institute Copenhagen Denmark, Kivi, R.; 6 Space and Earth Observation Center Finnish Meteorological Institute Sodankylä Finland, Lyall, N.; 7 UK Met Office Lerwick Observatory Lerwick UK, Rex, M.; 1 Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research Potsdam GermanyGet access
Published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres (2021)
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232by Fassmer, K., Martinet, I., Miladinova, I., Sprung, P., Froitzheim, N., Fonseca, R. O. C., Münker, C., Janák, M., Kullerud, K., Institute of Geology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria, Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany, Institute of Earth Sciences, NAWI Graz Geocenter, University of Graz, Graz, Austria, Abteilung Hotlabor, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen, Switzerland, Institute of Geosciences, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany, Earth Science Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic, Norwegian Mining Museum, Kongsberg, NorwayGet access
Published in International Journal of Earth Sciences (2020)
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233by Umlauft, J., Lindner, F., Roux, P., Mikesell, T. D., Haney, M. M., Korn, M., Walter, F. T., 2 Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences LMU Munich Munich Germany, 4 ISTerre ‐ Maison des Géosciences Grenoble France, 5 Department of Geosciences Environmental Seismology Laboratory Boise State University Boise ID USA, 6 U.S. Geological Survey Alaska Volcano Observatory Anchorage AK USA, 1 Institute of Geophysics and Geology Leipzig University Leipzig Germany, 3 ETH Zurich Laboratory of Hydraulics Hydrology and Glaciology Zurich SwitzerlandGet access
Published in Geophysical Research Letters (2021)
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234by Spiegl, T. C., Yoden, S., Langematz, U., Sato, T., Chhin, R., Noda, S., Miyake, F., Kusano, K., Schaar, K., Kunze, M., Yoden, S.; 2 Graduate School of Science Kyoto University Kyoto Japan, Langematz, U.; 1 Institut für Meteorologie Freie Universität Berlin Berlin Germany, Sato, T.; 4 Japan Atomic Energy Agency Tokai Japan, Chhin, R.; 2 Graduate School of Science Kyoto University Kyoto Japan, Noda, S.; 2 Graduate School of Science Kyoto University Kyoto Japan, Miyake, F.; 6 Institute for Space‐Earth Environmental Research Nagoya University Nagoya Japan, Kusano, K.; 6 Institute for Space‐Earth Environmental Research Nagoya University Nagoya Japan, Schaar, K.; 1 Institut für Meteorologie Freie Universität Berlin Berlin Germany, Kunze, M.; 1 Institut für Meteorologie Freie Universität Berlin Berlin GermanyGet access
Published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres (2022)
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235by Tritscher, Ines, Pitts, Michael C., Poole, Lamont R., Alexander, Simon P., Cairo, Francesco, Chipperfield, Martyn P., Grooß, Jens‐Uwe, Höpfner, Michael, Lambert, Alyn, Luo, Beiping, Molleker, Sergey, Orr, Andrew, Salawitch, Ross, Snels, Marcel, Spang, Reinhold, Woiwode, Wolfgang, Peter, Thomas, Tritscher, Ines; 1 Forschungszentrum Jülich, Institut für Energie und Klimaforschung, Stratosphäre, IEK‐7 Jülich Germany, Poole, Lamont R.; 3 Science Systems and Applications, Inc. Hampton VA USA, Alexander, Simon P.; 4 Australian Antarctic Division Kingston TAS Australia, Cairo, Francesco; 5 Istituto di Scienze dell'Atmosfera e del Clima Rome Italy, Chipperfield, Martyn P.; 6 School of Earth and Environment University of Leeds Leeds UK, Grooß, Jens‐Uwe; 1 Forschungszentrum Jülich, Institut für Energie und Klimaforschung, Stratosphäre, IEK‐7 Jülich Germany, Höpfner, Michael; 7 Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Karlsruhe Germany, Lambert, Alyn; 8 Jet Propulsion Laboratory California Institute of Technology Pasadena CA USA, Luo, Beiping; 9 ETH Zurich, Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science Zurich Switzerland, Molleker, Sergey; 10 Max Planck Institute for Chemistry Mainz Germany, Orr, Andrew; 11 British Antarctic Survey, NERC Cambridge UK, Salawitch, Ross; 12 University of Maryland College Park MD USA, Snels, Marcel; 5 Istituto di Scienze dell'Atmosfera e del Clima Rome Italy, Spang, Reinhold; 1 Forschungszentrum Jülich, Institut für Energie und Klimaforschung, Stratosphäre, IEK‐7 Jülich Germany, Woiwode, Wolfgang; 7 Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Karlsruhe Germany, Peter, Thomas; 9 ETH Zurich, Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science Zurich SwitzerlandGet access
Published in Reviews of Geophysics (2021)
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236by Yamazaki, Y., Matthias, V., Miyoshi, Y., Matthias, V.; 2 Deutsches Zentrum für Luft‐ und Raumfahrt Institut für Solar‐Terrestrische Physik Neustrelitz Germany, Miyoshi, Y.; 3 Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences Kyushu University Fukuoka JapanGet access
Published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres (2021)
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237by Büeler, Dominik, Ferranti, Laura, Magnusson, Linus, Quinting, Julian F., Grams, Christian M., Ferranti, Laura; 2 European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Reading UK, Magnusson, Linus; 2 European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Reading UK, Quinting, Julian F.; 1 Department Troposphere Research Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK‐TRO), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Karlsruhe Germany, Grams, Christian M.; 1 Department Troposphere Research Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK‐TRO), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Karlsruhe GermanyGet access
Published in Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society (2021)
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238by Grott, Matthias, Biele, Jens, Michel, Patrick, Sugita, Seiji, Schröder, Stefan, Sakatani, Naoya, Neumann, Wladimir, Kameda, Shingo, Michikami, Tatsuhiro, Honda, Chikatoshi, 2 German Aerospace Center Cologne Germany, 3 Laboratoire Lagrange Université Côte d'Azur Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur CNRS Nice France, 4 University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan, 1 German Aerospace Center Berlin Germany, 5 ISAS/JAXA Sagamihara Japan, 7 Rikkyo University Tokyo Japan, 8 Kindai University Hiroshima Japan, 9 University of Aizu Aizu‐Wakamatsu JapanGet access
Published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets (2020)
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239The Impact of Different Atmospheric CO2 Concentrations on Large Scale Miocene Temperature Signaturesby Hossain, Akil, Knorr, Gregor, Jokat, Wilfried, Lohmann, Gerrit, Hochmuth, Katharina, Gierz, Paul, Gohl, Karsten, Stepanek, Christian, 1 Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz‐Centre for Polar and Marine Research Bremerhaven Germany, 4 School of Geography, Geology and the Environment University of Leicester Leicester UKGet access
Published in Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology (2023)
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240by Bliedtner, Marcel, Struck, Julian, Strobel, Paul, Salazar, Gary, Szidat, Sönke, Bazarradnaa, Enkhtuya, Lloren, Ronald, Dubois, Nathalie, Zech, Roland, Struck, Julian; 1 Institute of Geography Friedrich Schiller University Jena Jena Germany, Strobel, Paul; 1 Institute of Geography Friedrich Schiller University Jena Jena Germany, Salazar, Gary; 2 Department of Chemistry Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research University of Bern Bern Switzerland, Szidat, Sönke; 2 Department of Chemistry Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research University of Bern Bern Switzerland, Bazarradnaa, Enkhtuya; 3 Institute of Plant and Agricultural Sciences Mongolian University of Life Sciences Darkhan Mongolia, Lloren, Ronald; 4 Department of Surface Waters Research and Management Eawag Dübendorf Switzerland, Dubois, Nathalie; 4 Department of Surface Waters Research and Management Eawag Dübendorf Switzerland, Zech, Roland; 1 Institute of Geography Friedrich Schiller University Jena Jena GermanyGet access
Published in Geophysical Research Letters (2021)
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