Germany
Germany, }} officially the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG),, }} is a country in Central Europe. It lies between the Baltic and North Sea to the north and the Alps to the south. Its 16 constituent states have a total population of over 82 million in an area of , making it the most populous member state of the European Union. It borders Denmark to the north, Poland and Czechia to the east, Austria and Switzerland to the south, and France, Luxembourg, Belgium, and the Netherlands to the west. The nation's capital and most populous city is Berlin and its main financial centre is Frankfurt; the largest urban area is the Ruhr.Settlement in what is now Germany began in the Lower Paleolithic, with various tribes inhabiting it from the Neolithic onward, chiefly the Celts. Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity. A region named Germania was documented before AD 100. In 962, the Kingdom of Germany formed the bulk of the Holy Roman Empire. During the 16th century, northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation. Following the Napoleonic Wars and the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, the German Confederation was formed in 1815.
Formal unification of Germany into the modern nation-state commenced on 18 August 1866 with the North German Confederation Treaty establishing the Prussia-led North German Confederation later transformed in 1871 into the German Empire. After World War I and the German Revolution of 1918–1919, the Empire was in turn transformed into the Weimar Republic. The Nazi rise to power in 1933 led to the establishment of a totalitarian dictatorship, World War II, and the Holocaust. After the end of World War II in Europe and a period of Allied occupation, in 1949, Germany as a whole was organized into two separate polities with limited sovereignty: the Federal Republic of Germany, generally known as West Germany, and the German Democratic Republic, known as East Germany, while Berlin continued its ''de jure'' Four Power status. The Federal Republic of Germany was a founding member of the European Economic Community and the European Union, while the German Democratic Republic was a communist Eastern Bloc state and member of the Warsaw Pact. After the fall of the communist led-government in East Germany, German reunification saw the former East German states join the Federal Republic of Germany on 3 October 1990.
Germany has been described as a great power with a strong economy; it has the largest economy in Europe. As a global power in industrial, scientific and technological sectors, it is both the world's third-largest exporter and importer. As a developed country it offers social security, a universal health care system, and tuition-free university education. Germany is a member of the United Nations, Council of Europe, NATO and OECD, and a founding member of the European Union, G7 and G20. It has the third-greatest number of UNESCO World Heritage Sites (54), with the second-most cultural sites (51). Provided by Wikipedia
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182by Andernach, Malena, Turton, Jenny V., Mölg, Thomas, 1 Climate System Research Group, Institute of Geography Friedrich‐Alexander University (FAU) Erlangen GermanyGet access
Published in Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society (2022)
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183by Hofmann, Zerlina, von Appen, Wilken‐Jon, Wekerle, Claudia, von Appen, Wilken‐Jon; 1 Physical Oceanography of the Polar Seas Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research Bremerhaven Germany, Wekerle, Claudia; 1 Physical Oceanography of the Polar Seas Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research Bremerhaven GermanyGet access
Published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans (2021)
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184by Blöthe, Jan Henrik, Halla, Christian, Schwalbe, Ellen, Bottegal, Estefania, Trombotto Liaudat, Dario, Schrott, Lothar, 2 Department of Geography University of Bonn Bonn Germany, 3 Institute of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Technische Universität Dresden Dresden Germany, 4 Geocryology, Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales, CCT CONICET Mendoza ArgentinaGet access
Published in Earth Surface Processes and Landforms (2020)
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185by Dobrynin, Mikhail, Düsterhus, André, Fröhlich, Kristina, Athanasiadis, Panos, Ruggieri, Paolo, Müller, Wolfgang A., Baehr, Johanna, Düsterhus, André; 3 ICARUS Department of Geography Maynooth University Maynooth Ireland, Fröhlich, Kristina; 1 Deutscher Wetterdienst (DWD) Hamburg Germany, Athanasiadis, Panos; 4 Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Bologna Bologna Italy, Ruggieri, Paolo; 4 Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Bologna Bologna Italy, Müller, Wolfgang A.; 6 Max Planck Institute for Meteorology Hamburg Germany, Baehr, Johanna; 1 Deutscher Wetterdienst (DWD) Hamburg GermanyGet access
Published in Geophysical Research Letters (2022)
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186by Burchard, Hans, Bolding, Karsten, Jenkins, Adrian, Losch, Martin, Reinert, Markus, Umlauf, Lars, Bolding, Karsten; 2 Bolding & Bruggeman ApS Asperup Denmark, Jenkins, Adrian; 3 British Antarctic Survey Natural Environment Research Council Cambridge UK, Losch, Martin; 5 Alfred‐Wegener‐Institut Helmholtz‐Zentrum für Polar‐ und Meeresforschung Bremerhaven Germany, Reinert, Markus; 1 Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde Rostock Germany, Umlauf, Lars; 1 Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde Rostock GermanyGet access
Published in Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems (2022)
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187by Zampieri, Lorenzo, Kauker, Frank, Fröhle, Jörg, Sumata, Hiroshi, Hunke, Elizabeth C., Goessling, Helge F., Kauker, Frank; 1 Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research Bremerhaven Germany, Fröhle, Jörg; 3 Kiel University Kiel Germany, Sumata, Hiroshi; 4 Norwegian Polar Institute Fram Centre Tromsø Norway, Hunke, Elizabeth C.; 5 Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos NM USA, Goessling, Helge F.; 1 Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research Bremerhaven GermanyGet access
Published in Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems (2021)
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188by Christmann, Julia, Helm, Veit, Khan, Shfaqat Abbas, Kleiner, Thomas, Müller, Ralf, Morlighem, Mathieu, Neckel, Niklas, Rückamp, Martin, Steinhage, Daniel, Zeising, Ole, Humbert, Angelika, Institute of Applied Mechanics, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany, Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven, Germany, Department of Geodesy and Earth Observations, National Space Institute, Technical University of Denmark, DTU Space, Copenhagen, Denmark, Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, USA, Department of Geosciences, University of Bremen, Bremen, GermanyGet access
Published in Communications Earth & Environment (2021)
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189by Aslak Holmberg (Sámiráđđi – Saami Council, Sápmi), Evie Morin (Research Institute for Sustainability (RIFS) – Helmholtz Centre Potsdam, Germany), Anne S. Chahine (Research Institute for Sustainability (RIFS) – Helmholtz Centre Potsdam, Germany), Nina N. Doering (Research Institute for Sustainability (RIFS) – Helmholtz Centre Potsdam, Germany), Stephan Dudeck (University of Tartu, Estonia & Research Institute for Sustainability (RIFS) - Helmholtz Centre Potsdam, Germany & Foundation for Siberian Cultures, Germany), Charleen Fisher (University of Alaska Fairbanks), Nina Hermansen (The Indigenous Voices (IVO) research group – Álgoálbmogii jienat, The Arctic University of Norway (UiT)), Thora Martina Herrmann (University of Oulu, Finland), Ikaarvik - (Ikaarvik is an Indigenous-led youth organization bridging research and communities across knowledge systems www.ikaarvik.org), Britt Kramvig (The Indigenous Voices (IVO) research group – Álgoálbmogii jienat, The Arctic University of Norway (UiT)), Elle Merete Omma (Sámiráđđi – Saami Council, Sápmi), Arne Riedel (Ecologic Institute, Germany), Gertrude Saxinger (University of Vienna, Austria & Austrian Polar Research Institute APRI), Annette J.M. Scheepstra (Arctic Centre University of Groningen, The Netherlands), Jorrit van der Schot (University of Graz, Austria & Austrian Polar Research Institute APRI)Get access
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191by Llanillo, Pedro J., Kanzow, Torsten, Janout, Markus A., Rohardt, Gerd, 1 Alfred‐Wegener‐Institute Helmholtz Center for Polar and Marine Research Bremerhaven GermanyGet access
Published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans (2023)
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192by Johnson, Mildred Jessica, Hennigs, Laura Margarethe, Sawall, Yvonne, Pansch, Christian, Wall, Marlene, 1 GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel Kiel GermanyGet access
Published in Limnology and Oceanography (2020)
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193by Mehlmann, C., Danilov, S., Losch, M., Lemieux, J. F., Hutter, N., Richter, T., Blain, P., Hunke, E. C., Korn, P., Danilov, S.; 2 Alfred‐Wegener‐Institut Helmholtz Zentrum für Polar‐ und Meeresforschung Bremerhaven Germany, Losch, M.; 2 Alfred‐Wegener‐Institut Helmholtz Zentrum für Polar‐ und Meeresforschung Bremerhaven Germany, Lemieux, J. F.; 3 Environnement et Changement Climatique Canada Recherche en Prévision Numérique Environnementale Dorval QC Canada, Hutter, N.; 2 Alfred‐Wegener‐Institut Helmholtz Zentrum für Polar‐ und Meeresforschung Bremerhaven Germany, Richter, T.; 4 Otto‐von‐Guericke Universität Magdeburg Magdeburg Germany, Blain, P.; 5 Environnement et Changement Climatique Canada Service Météorologique du Canada Dorval QC Canada, Hunke, E. C.; 6 Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos NM USA, Korn, P.; 1 Max‐Planck Institute for Meteorology Hamburg GermanyGet access
Published in Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems (2021)
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194by Köhler, Peter, Adolphi, Florian, Butzin, Martin, Muscheler, Raimund, Adolphi, Florian; 1 Alfred‐Wegener‐Institut Helmholtz‐Zentrum für Polar‐und Meeresforschung (AWI) Bremerhaven Germany, Butzin, Martin; 1 Alfred‐Wegener‐Institut Helmholtz‐Zentrum für Polar‐und Meeresforschung (AWI) Bremerhaven Germany, Muscheler, Raimund; 2 Department of Geology Lund University Lund SwedenGet access
Published in Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology (2022)
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195by Warken, Sophie F., Vieten, Rolf, Winter, Amos, Spötl, Christoph, Miller, Thomas E., Jochum, Klaus P., Schröder‐Ritzrau, Andrea, Mangini, Augusto, Scholz, Denis, 4 Department of Marine Sciences University of Puerto Rico Mayagüez Puerto Rico, 6 Institute of Geology University of Innsbruck Innsbruck Austria, 7 Department of Geology University of Puerto Rico Mayagüez Puerto Rico, 8 Climate Geochemistry Department Max Planck Institute for Chemistry Mainz Germany, 2 Institute of Environmental Physics University of Heidelberg Heidelberg Germany, 1 Institute for Geosciences University of Mainz Mainz GermanyGet access
Published in Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology (2020)
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196by Mahgoub, Ahmed Nasser, Korte, Monika, Panovska, Sanja, 1 Helmholtz Centre Potsdam, Deutsches GeoForschungsZentrum GFZ Section 2.3 – Geomagnetism Potsdam GermanyGet access
Published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth (2023)
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197by Heukamp, Finn Ole, Kanzow, Torsten, Wang, Qiang, Wekerle, Claudia, Gerdes, Rüdiger, 1 Alfred‐Wegener‐Institute Helmholtz Center for Polar and Marine Research Bremerhaven GermanyGet access
Published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans (2023)
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198by Saynisch‐Wagner, J., Petereit, J., Irrgang, C., Thomas, M., 1 Earth System Modelling, Helmholtz Centre Potsdam GFZ German Research Centre Potsdam GermanyGet access
Published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans (2020)
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199by Stoof‐Leichsenring, Kathleen R., Huang, Sichao, Liu, Sisi, Jia, Weihan, Li, Kai, Liu, Xingqi, Pestryakova, Luidmila A., Herzschuh, Ulrike, Huang, Sichao; 1 Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research Polar Terrestrial Environmental Systems Potsdam Germany, Liu, Sisi; 1 Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research Polar Terrestrial Environmental Systems Potsdam Germany, Jia, Weihan; 1 Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research Polar Terrestrial Environmental Systems Potsdam Germany, Li, Kai; 1 Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research Polar Terrestrial Environmental Systems Potsdam Germany, Liu, Xingqi; 4 College of Resource Environment and Tourism Capital Normal University Beijing China, Pestryakova, Luidmila A.; 6 Institute of Natural Sciences, North‐Eastern Federal University of Yakutsk Yakutsk Russia, Herzschuh, Ulrike; 1 Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research Polar Terrestrial Environmental Systems Potsdam GermanyGet access
Published in Limnology and Oceanography (2022)
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200by Liguori, Bianca T. P., Ehlert, Claudia, Nöthig, Eva‐Maria, van Ooijen, Jan C., Pahnke, Katharina, Ehlert, Claudia; 1 Marine Isotope Geochemistry Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM) University of Oldenburg Oldenburg Germany, Nöthig, Eva‐Maria; 2 Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research Bremerhaven Germany, van Ooijen, Jan C.; 3 NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research Department of Ocean Science (OCS) University of Utrecht Utrecht The Netherlands, Pahnke, Katharina; 1 Marine Isotope Geochemistry Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM) University of Oldenburg Oldenburg GermanyGet access
Published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans (2021)
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