Geophysics
Geophysics () is a subject of natural science concerned with the physical processes and physical properties of the Earth and its surrounding space environment, and the use of quantitative methods for their analysis. Geophysicists, who usually study geophysics, physics, or one of the Earth sciences at the graduate level, complete investigations across a wide range of scientific disciplines. The term ''geophysics'' classically refers to solid earth applications: Earth's shape; its gravitational, magnetic fields, and electromagnetic fields ; its internal structure and composition; its dynamics and their surface expression in plate tectonics, the generation of magmas, volcanism and rock formation. However, modern geophysics organizations and pure scientists use a broader definition that includes the water cycle including snow and ice; fluid dynamics of the oceans and the atmosphere; electricity and magnetism in the ionosphere and magnetosphere and solar-terrestrial physics; and analogous problems associated with the Moon and other planets.Although geophysics was only recognized as a separate discipline in the 19th century, its origins date back to ancient times. The first magnetic compasses were made from lodestones, while more modern magnetic compasses played an important role in the history of navigation. The first seismic instrument was built in 132 AD. Isaac Newton applied his theory of mechanics to the tides and the precession of the equinox; and instruments were developed to measure the Earth's shape, density and gravity field, as well as the components of the water cycle. In the 20th century, geophysical methods were developed for remote exploration of the solid Earth and the ocean, and geophysics played an essential role in the development of the theory of plate tectonics.
Geophysics is applied to societal needs, such as mineral resources, mitigation of natural hazards and environmental protection. In exploration geophysics, geophysical survey data are used to analyze potential petroleum reservoirs and mineral deposits, locate groundwater, find archaeological relics, determine the thickness of glaciers and soils, and assess sites for environmental remediation. Provided by Wikipedia
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261by Xiao, Haifeng, Stark, Alexander, Schmidt, Frédéric, Hao, Jingyan, Su, Shu, Steinbrügge, Gregor, Oberst, Jürgen, Stark, Alexander; 2 Institute of Planetary Research German Aerospace Center (DLR) Berlin Germany, Schmidt, Frédéric; 3 CNRS GEOPS Université Paris‐Saclay Orsay France, Hao, Jingyan; 5 Division of Space Technology Kiruna Space Campus Luleå University of Technology Luleå Sweden, Su, Shu; 1 Institute of Geodesy and Geoinformation Science Technische Universität Berlin Berlin Germany, Steinbrügge, Gregor; 6 Department of Geophysics Stanford University Stanford CA USA, Oberst, Jürgen; 1 Institute of Geodesy and Geoinformation Science Technische Universität Berlin Berlin GermanyGet access
Published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets (2022)
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262by Koulakov, Ivan, Shapiro, Nikolay M., Sens‐Schönfelder, Christoph, Luehr, Birger G., Gordeev, Evgeny I., Jakovlev, Andrey, Abkadyrov, Ilyas, Chebrov, Danila V., Bushenkova, Natalia, Droznina, Svetlana Y., Senyukov, Sergey L., Novgorodova, Angelika, Stupina, Tatyana, 4 Institut des Sciences de la Terre (ISTERRE), UMR CNRS 5375 Université Grenoble‐Alpes Grenoble France, 6 GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences Potsdam Germany, 3 Institute of Volcanology and Seismology FEB RAS Petropavlovsk‐Kamchatsky Russia, 1 Trofimuk Institute of Petroleum Geology and Geophysics SB RAS Novosibirsk Russia, 7 Kamchatkan Branch of Geophysical Survey RAS Petropavlovsk‐Kamchatsky RussiaGet access
Published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth (2020)
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263by Xiao, Haifeng, Stark, Alexander, Schmidt, Frédéric, Hao, Jingyan, Steinbrügge, Gregor, Wagner, Nicholas L., Su, Shu, Cheng, Yuan, Oberst, Jürgen, Stark, Alexander; 2 Institute of Planetary Research German Aerospace Center (DLR) Berlin Germany, Schmidt, Frédéric; 3 Université Paris‐Saclay CNRS GEOPS Orsay France, Hao, Jingyan; 5 Division of Space Technology Luleå University of Technology Kiruna Space Campus Norrbotten County Sweden, Steinbrügge, Gregor; 7 Department of Geophysics Stanford University Stanford CA USA, Wagner, Nicholas L.; 8 Department of Geosciences Baylor University Waco TX USA, Cheng, Yuan; 9 College of Surveying and Geo‐Informatics Tongji University Shanghai China, Oberst, Jürgen; 1 Institute of Geodesy and Geoinformation Science Technische Universität Berlin Berlin GermanyGet access
Published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets (2022)
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264by Knoblauch, Christian, Beer, Christian, Schuett, Alexander, Sauerland, Lewis, Liebner, Susanne, Steinhof, Axel, Rethemeyer, Janet, Grigoriev, Mikhail N., Faguet, Alexey, Pfeiffer, Eva‐Maria, Beer, Christian; 1 Institute of Soil Science Universität Hamburg Hamburg Germany, Schuett, Alexander; 1 Institute of Soil Science Universität Hamburg Hamburg Germany, Sauerland, Lewis; 1 Institute of Soil Science Universität Hamburg Hamburg Germany, Liebner, Susanne; 4 GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences Section Geomicrobiology Potsdam Germany, Steinhof, Axel; 6 Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry Jena Germany, Rethemeyer, Janet; 7 Institute of Geology and Mineralogy University of Cologne Cologne Germany, Grigoriev, Mikhail N.; 8 Russian Academy of Sciences Siberian Branch Mel'nikov Permafrost Institute Yakutsk Russia, Faguet, Alexey; 9 Trofimuk Institute of Petroleum Geology and Geophysics Novosibirsk Russia, Pfeiffer, Eva‐Maria; 1 Institute of Soil Science Universität Hamburg Hamburg GermanyGet access
Published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences (2021)
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265by Matthew D. Shupe (Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder), Markus Rex (Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung), Byron Blomquist (Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder), P. Ola G. Persson (Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder), Julia Schmale (École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne), Taneil Uttal (Physical Sciences Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, USA), Dietrich Althausen (Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research), Hélène Angot (École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne), Stephen Archer (Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences), Ludovic Bariteau (Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder), Ivo Beck (École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne), John Bilberry (Los Alamos National Laboratory, USA), Silvia Bucci (Department of Meteorology and Geophysics, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Geography and Astronomy, University of Vienna), Clifton Buck (Skidaway Institute of Oceanography, University of Georgia), Matt Boyer (Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki), Zoé Brasseur (Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki), Ian M. Brooks (University of Leeds), Radiance Calmer (Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder), John Cassano (Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder), Vagner Castro (Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, USA), David Chu (Los Alamos National Laboratory, USA), David Costa (Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder), Christopher J. Cox (Physical Sciences Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, USA), Jessie Creamean (Colorado State University), Susanne Crewell (Institute for Geophysics and Meteorology, University of Cologne), Sandro Dahlke (Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung), Ellen Damm (Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung), Gijs de Boer (Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder), Holger Deckelmann (Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung), Klaus Dethloff (Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung), Marina Dütsch (Department of Meteorology and Geophysics, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Geography and Astronomy, University of Vienna), Kerstin Ebell (Institute for Geophysics and Meteorology, University of Cologne), André Ehrlich (Leipzig Institute for Meteorology, University of Leipzig), Jody Ellis (Hamelmann Communications), Ronny Engelmann (Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research), Allison A. Fong (Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung), Markus M. Frey (British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, UK), Michael R. Gallagher (Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder), Laurens Ganzeveld (Wageningen University), Rolf Gradinger (UiT, The Arctic University of Norway), Jürgen Graeser (Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung), Vernon Greenamyer (Hamelmann Communications), Hannes Griesche (Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research), Steele Griffiths (Australian Bureau of Meteorology), Jonathan Hamilton (Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder), Günther Heinemann (Department of Environmental Meteorology, University of Trier), Detlev Helmig (Boulder A.I.R, LLC), Andreas Herber (Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung), Céline Heuzé (Departement of Earth Sciences, University of Gothenburg), Julian Hofer (Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research), Todd Houchens (Sandia National Laboratories, USA), Dean Howard (Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder), Jun Inoue (National Institute of Polar Research, Japan), Hans-Werner Jacobi (Institute for Geosciences and Environmental Research, CNRS/Université Grenoble Alpes/IRD/G-INP), Ralf Jaiser (Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung), Tuija Jokinen (Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki), Olivier Jourdan (Université Clermont Auvergne, Laboratoire de Météorologie Physique, LaMP/CNRS/UCA), Gina Jozef (Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder), Wessley King (Hamelmann Communications), Amelie Kirchgaessner (British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, UK), Marcus Klingebiel (Leipzig Institute for Meteorology, University of Leipzig), Misha Krassovski (Oak Ridge National Laboratory, USA), Thomas Krumpen (Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung), Astrid Lampert (Institute of Flight Guidance, TU Braunschweig), William Landing (Florida State University), Tiia Laurila (Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki), Dale Lawrence (Research and Engineering Center for Unmanned Vehicles, University of Colorado, Boulder), Michael Lonardi (Leipzig Institute for Meteorology, University of Leipzig), Brice Loose (University of Rhode Island), Christof Lüpkes (Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung), Maximilian Maahn (Leipzig Institute for Meteorology, University of Leipzig), Andreas Macke (Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research), Wieslaw Maslowski (Naval Postgraduate School), Christopher Marsay (Skidaway Institute of Oceanography, University of Georgia), Marion Maturilli (Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung), Mario Mech (Institute for Geophysics and Meteorology, University of Cologne), Sara Morris (Physical Sciences Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, USA), Manuel Moser (Institute for Physics of the Atmosphere, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR)), Marcel Nicolaus (Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung), Paul Ortega (Los Alamos National Laboratory, USA), Jackson Osborn (Physical Sciences Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, USA), Falk Pätzold (Institute of Flight Guidance, TU Braunschweig), Donald K. Perovich (Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College), Tuukka Petäjä (Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki), Christian Pilz (Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research), Roberta Pirazzini (Finnish Meteorological Institute), Kevin Posman (Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences), Heath Powers (Los Alamos National Laboratory, USA), Kerri A. Pratt (University of Michigan), Andreas Preußer (Department of Environmental Meteorology, University of Trier), Lauriane Quéléver (Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki), Martin Radenz (Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research), Benjamin Rabe (Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung), Annette Rinke (Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung), Torsten Sachs (Institute of Flight Guidance, TU Braunschweig), Alexander Schulz (Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung), Holger Siebert (Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research), Tercio Silva (Universidade dos Açores), Amy Solomon (Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder), Anja Sommerfeld (Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung), Gunnar Spreen (Institute of Environmental Physics, University of Bremen), Mark Stephens (Florida International University), Andreas Stohl (Department of Meteorology and Geophysics, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Geography and Astronomy, University of Vienna), Gunilla Svensson (Stockholm University), Janek Uin (Brookhaven National Laboratory, USA), Juarez Viegas (Los Alamos National Laboratory, USA), Christiane Voigt (Institute for Physics of the Atmosphere, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR)), Peter von der Gathen (Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung), Birgit Wehner (Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research), Jeffrey M. Welker (University of Alaska—Anchorage), Manfred Wendisch (Leipzig Institute for Meteorology, University of Leipzig), Martin Werner (Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung), ZhouQing Xie (Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China), Fange Yue (Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China)Get access
Published in Elem Sci Anth (2022)
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267by Patrick Hyder (Met Office Hadley Centre), John M. Edwards (Met Office Hadley Centre), Richard P. Allan (Department of Meteorology, University of Reading), Helene T. Hewitt (Met Office Hadley Centre), Thomas J. Bracegirdle (British Antarctic Survey), Jonathan M. Gregory (Met Office Hadley Centre), Richard A. Wood (Met Office Hadley Centre), Andrew J. S. Meijers (British Antarctic Survey), Jane Mulcahy (Met Office Hadley Centre), Paul Field (Met Office Hadley Centre), Kalli Furtado (Met Office Hadley Centre), Alejandro Bodas-Salcedo (Met Office Hadley Centre), Keith D. Williams (Met Office Hadley Centre), Dan Copsey (Met Office Hadley Centre), Simon A. Josey (National Oceanography Centre, UK), Chunlei Liu (Department of Meteorology, University of Reading), Chris D. Roberts (Met Office Hadley Centre), Claudio Sanchez (Met Office Hadley Centre), Jeff Ridley (Met Office Hadley Centre), Livia Thorpe (Met Office Hadley Centre), Steven C. Hardiman (Met Office Hadley Centre), Michael Mayer (Department of Meteorology and Geophysics, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Geography and Astronomy, University of Vienna), David I. Berry (National Oceanography Centre, UK), Stephen E. Belcher (Met Office Hadley Centre)Get access
Published in Nature Communications (2018)
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268by Marko Mäkynen (Finnish Meteorological Institute), Jari Haapala (Finnish Meteorological Institute), Giuseppe Aulicino (Department of Science and Technology—DiST, Università degli Studi di Napoli Parthenope), Beena Balan-Sarojini (European Centre for Medium-Range Weather forecasts), Magdalena Balmaseda (European Centre for Medium-Range Weather forecasts), Alexandru Gegiuc (Finnish Meteorological Institute), Fanny Girard-Ardhuin (Ifremer, Univ. Brest, CNRS, IRD, Laboratoire d’Océanographie Physique et Spatiale, IUEM), Stefan Hendricks (Alfred Wegener Institute), Georg Heygster (Institute of Environmental Physics, University of Bremen), Larysa Istomina (Alfred Wegener Institute), Lars Kaleschke (Alfred Wegener Institute), Juha Karvonen (Finnish Meteorological Institute), Thomas Krumpen (Alfred Wegener Institute), Mikko Lensu (Finnish Meteorological Institute), Michael Mayer (Department of Meteorology and Geophysics, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Geography and Astronomy, University of Vienna), Flavio Parmiggiani (Department of Satellite Meteorology, ISAC-CNR), Robert Ricker (Ifremer, Univ. Brest, CNRS, IRD, Laboratoire d’Océanographie Physique et Spatiale, IUEM), Eero Rinne (Finnish Meteorological Institute), Amelie Schmitt (Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Natural Sciences, University of Hamburg), Markku Similä (Finnish Meteorological Institute), Steffen Tietsche (European Centre for Medium-Range Weather forecasts), Rasmus Tonboe (Danish Meteorological Institute), Peter Wadhams (Department of Life and Environmental Sciences - DiSVA, Università Politecnica delle Marche), Mai Winstrup (DTU Space, National Space Institute, Technical University of Denmark), Hao Zuo (European Centre for Medium-Range Weather forecasts)Get access
Published in Remote Sensing (2020)
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269Contributors: “...North, R. G.; Geophysics Division, Geological Survey of Canada, Ottawa, Ontatio, Canada...”
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270Contributors: “...Laboratory for Severe Storm Research Department of Geophysics...”
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272by North, R. N.Contributors: “...North, R. N.; Geophysics Division, Geological Survey of Canada, Ottawa, Ontado, Canada...”
Published 1994
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273Contributors: “...Institute of Geology and Geophysics Beijing (IGG)...”
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274Contributors: “...Institute of Geology and Geophysics Beijing (IGG)...”
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275Contributors: “...Institute of Geophysics UB RAS...”
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276Contributors: “...Institute of Geophysics UB RAS...”
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277by Williams, Richard T.Contributors: “...Geophysics...”
Published 1976
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278by Williams, Richard T.Contributors: “...Geophysics...”
Published 1979
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279by Krzy?cin, J. W.Contributors: “...Institute of Geophysics...”
Published 2003
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280by Krzy?cin, J. W.Contributors: “...Institute of Geophysics...”
Published 2003
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