Geology
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Geology ('' ()|earth||'''' ()|study of, discourse}}) is a branch of natural science concerned with the Earth and other astronomical objects, the rocks of which they are composed, and the processes by which they change over time. Modern geology significantly overlaps all other Earth sciences, including hydrology. It is integrated with Earth system science and planetary science.
Geology describes the structure of the Earth on and beneath its surface and the processes that have shaped that structure. Geologists study the mineralogical composition of rocks in order to get insight into their history of formation. Geology determines the relative ages of rocks found at a given location; geochemistry (a branch of geology) determines their absolute ages. By combining various petrological, crystallographic, and paleontological tools, geologists are able to chronicle the geological history of the Earth as a whole. One aspect is to demonstrate the age of the Earth. Geology provides evidence for plate tectonics, the evolutionary history of life, and the Earth's past climates.
Geologists broadly study the properties and processes of Earth and other terrestrial planets. Geologists use a wide variety of methods to understand the Earth's structure and evolution, including fieldwork, rock description, geophysical techniques, chemical analysis, physical experiments, and numerical modelling. In practical terms, geology is important for mineral and hydrocarbon exploration and exploitation, evaluating water resources, understanding natural hazards, remediating environmental problems, and providing insights into past climate change. Geology is a major academic discipline, and it is central to geological engineering and plays an important role in geotechnical engineering. Provided by Wikipedia
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301by Langhamer, Lukas, Dublyansky, Yuri, Schneider, Christoph, Dublyansky, Yuri; 2 University of Innsbruck Institute of Geology Innsbruck Austria, Schneider, Christoph; 1 Humboldt‐Universität zu Berlin Department of Geography Berlin GermanyGet access
Published in Earth and Space Science (2021)
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302by 外田 智千, 堀江 憲路, 野木 義史, 本吉 洋一, 南極地質研究 グループ, Hokada Tomokazu, Horie Kenji, Nogi Yoshifumi, Motoyoshi Yoichi, Geology Research Group AntarcticGet access
Published 2016
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305by Andreev, Andrei A., Nazarova, Larisa B., Lenz, Marlene M., Böhmer, Thomas, Syrykh, Ludmila, Wagner, Bernd, Melles, Martin, Pestryakova, Ludmila A., Herzschuh, Ulrike, Nazarova, Larisa B.; 1 Alfred‐Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research Research Unit Potsdam Germany, Lenz, Marlene M.; 2 Institute of Geology and Mineralogy University of Cologne Germany, Böhmer, Thomas; 1 Alfred‐Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research Research Unit Potsdam Germany, Syrykh, Ludmila; 3 Kazan Federal University Russia, Wagner, Bernd; 2 Institute of Geology and Mineralogy University of Cologne Germany, Melles, Martin; 2 Institute of Geology and Mineralogy University of Cologne Germany, Pestryakova, Ludmila A.; 5 North Eastern Federal University in Yakutsk, Yakutsk RussiaGet access
Published in Journal of Quaternary Science (2022)
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306by Bell, Robin E., Chu, Wing Yin, Kingslake, Jonathan, Das, Indrani, Tedesco, Marco, Tinto, Kirsteen J., Zappa, Christopher J., Frezzotti, Massimo, Boghosian, Alexandra, Lee, Won Sang, Columbia University. Marine Geology and GeophysicsGet access
Published 2017
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307by I.V. Ashchepkov (Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, SD RAS), T. Ntaflos (University of Vienna), Z.V. Spetsius (Alrosa Stock Company), R.F. Salikhov (Alrosa Stock Company), H. Downes (Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Birkbeck University of London)Get access
Published in Geoscience Frontiers (2017)
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308by Fassmer, K., Martinet, I., Miladinova, I., Sprung, P., Froitzheim, N., Fonseca, R. O. C., Münker, C., Janák, M., Kullerud, K., Institute of Geology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria, Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany, Institute of Earth Sciences, NAWI Graz Geocenter, University of Graz, Graz, Austria, Abteilung Hotlabor, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen, Switzerland, Institute of Geosciences, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany, Earth Science Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic, Norwegian Mining Museum, Kongsberg, NorwayGet access
Published in International Journal of Earth Sciences (2020)
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309by Berg, Sonja, Jivcov, Sandra, Kusch, Stephanie, Kuhn, Gerhard, White, Duanne, Bohrmann, Gerhard, Melles, Martin, Rethemeyer, Janet, Jivcov, Sandra; 1 Institute of Geology and Mineralogy University of Cologne Cologne Germany, Kusch, Stephanie; 2 CologneAMS—Centre for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry University of Cologne Cologne Germany, Kuhn, Gerhard; 3 Alfred‐Wegener‐Institut Helmholtz Zentrum für Polar‐ und Meeresforschung Bremerhaven Germany, White, Duanne; 4 Centre for Applied Water Science, Institute for Applied Ecology University of Canberra Canberra Australian Capital Territory Australia, Bohrmann, Gerhard; 5 MARUM—Center for Marine Environmental Sciences and Department of Geosciences University of Bremen Bremen Germany, Melles, Martin; 1 Institute of Geology and Mineralogy University of Cologne Cologne Germany, Rethemeyer, Janet; 1 Institute of Geology and Mineralogy University of Cologne Cologne GermanyGet access
Published in Limnology and Oceanography (2021)
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310by Warken, Sophie F., Vieten, Rolf, Winter, Amos, Spötl, Christoph, Miller, Thomas E., Jochum, Klaus P., Schröder‐Ritzrau, Andrea, Mangini, Augusto, Scholz, Denis, 4 Department of Marine Sciences University of Puerto Rico Mayagüez Puerto Rico, 6 Institute of Geology University of Innsbruck Innsbruck Austria, 7 Department of Geology University of Puerto Rico Mayagüez Puerto Rico, 8 Climate Geochemistry Department Max Planck Institute for Chemistry Mainz Germany, 2 Institute of Environmental Physics University of Heidelberg Heidelberg Germany, 1 Institute for Geosciences University of Mainz Mainz GermanyGet access
Published in Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology (2020)
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311by Integrated Ocean Drilling Program, and Department of Geology and Geophysics, Texas A and M University, 1000 Discovery Drive, College Station, TX 77845, USA ( host institution ), Malone, Mitchell J, Martin, Jonathan B, Schönfeld, Joachim, Ninnemann, Ulysses S, Nürnburg, Dirk, White, Timothy SGet access
Published 2004
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312by Mutterlose, Jörg, Picollier, Marie‐Claire, Dzyuba, Oksana, Jagt, John, Picollier, Marie‐Claire; 2 La Vitonie 24160 Saint‐Pantaly‐d’Excideuil France, Dzyuba, Oksana; 3 A.A. Trofimuk Institute of Petroleum Geology & Geophysics SB RAS Novosibirsk RussiaGet access
Published in Papers in Palaeontology (2022)
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313The Impact of Different Atmospheric CO2 Concentrations on Large Scale Miocene Temperature Signaturesby Hossain, Akil, Knorr, Gregor, Jokat, Wilfried, Lohmann, Gerrit, Hochmuth, Katharina, Gierz, Paul, Gohl, Karsten, Stepanek, Christian, 1 Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz‐Centre for Polar and Marine Research Bremerhaven Germany, 4 School of Geography, Geology and the Environment University of Leicester Leicester UKGet access
Published in Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology (2023)
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314by I.V. Ashchepkov (Institute of Geology and Mineralogy SD RAS), A.M. Logvinova (Institute of Geology and Mineralogy SD RAS), T. Ntaflos (Institute of Geochemistry SD RAS), N.V. Vladykin (Department of Lithospheric Research, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Geography and Astronomy, University of Vienna), S.I. Kostrovitsky (Department of Lithospheric Research, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Geography and Astronomy, University of Vienna), Z. Spetsius (Alrosa Stock Company), S.I. Mityukhin (Alrosa Stock Company), S.A. Prokopyev (Alrosa Stock Company), N.S. Medvedev (Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry 3), H. Downes (Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Birkbeck University of London)Get access
Published in Geoscience Frontiers (2017)
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315by Kusch, Stephanie, Rethemeyer, Janet, Ransby, Daniela, Mollenhauer, Gesine, Rethemeyer, Janet; 3 University of Cologne Institute of Geology and Mineralogy Cologne Germany, Ransby, Daniela; 1 Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research Bremerhaven Germany, Mollenhauer, Gesine; 1 Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research Bremerhaven GermanyGet access
Published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences (2021)
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316by Riedel, M., Villinger, H., Freudenthal, T., Pape, T., Bünz, S., Bohrmann, G., 2 Department of Geosciences University of Bremen Bremen Germany, 3 MARUM‐Center for Marine Environmental Sciences University of Bremen Bremen Germany, 4 Centre for Arctic Gas Hydrate, Environment and Climate, Department of Geology UiT The Arctic University of Norway Tromsø NorwayGet access
Published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth (2020)
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317by N. Gentsch (Institute of Soil Science, Leibniz Universität Hannover), R. Mikutta (Institute of Soil Science, Leibniz Universität Hannover), R. J. E. Alves (Department of Ecogenomics and Systems Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna), J. Barta (Department of Ecosystems Biology, University of South Bohemia), P. Čapek (Department of Ecosystems Biology, University of South Bohemia), A. Gittel (Center for Geomicrobiology, Aarhus University), G. Hugelius (Department of Physical Geography and Quaternary Geology, Stockholm University), P. Kuhry (Department of Physical Geography and Quaternary Geology, Stockholm University), N. Lashchinskiy (Central Siberian Botanical Garden, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences), J. Palmtag (Department of Physical Geography and Quaternary Geology, Stockholm University), A. Richter (University of Vienna), H. Šantrůčková (Department of Ecosystems Biology, University of South Bohemia), J. Schnecker (University of Vienna), O. Shibistova (Institute of Soil Science, Leibniz Universität Hannover), T. Urich (Department of Ecogenomics and Systems Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna), B. Wild (University of Vienna), G. Guggenberger (Institute of Soil Science, Leibniz Universität Hannover)Get access
Published in Biogeosciences (2015)
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318by Wegwerth, Antje, Plessen, Birgit, Kleinhanns, Ilka C., Arz, Helge W., Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde (IOW), Marine Geology, Rostock, Germany, Helmholtz Centre Potsdam, GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Section Climate Dynamics and Landscape Evolution, Potsdam, Germany, Isotope Geochemistry, Department of Earth Sciences, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, GermanyGet access
Published in Communications Earth & Environment (2021)
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319by Köhler, Peter, Adolphi, Florian, Butzin, Martin, Muscheler, Raimund, Adolphi, Florian; 1 Alfred‐Wegener‐Institut Helmholtz‐Zentrum für Polar‐und Meeresforschung (AWI) Bremerhaven Germany, Butzin, Martin; 1 Alfred‐Wegener‐Institut Helmholtz‐Zentrum für Polar‐und Meeresforschung (AWI) Bremerhaven Germany, Muscheler, Raimund; 2 Department of Geology Lund University Lund SwedenGet access
Published in Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology (2022)
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320by Adam J. Brunke (Third Department of Zoology, Natural History Museum of Vienna), Stylianos Chatzimanolis (Department of Biology, Geology and Environmental Science, University of Tennessee at Chattanooga), Brian D. Metscher (Department of Theoretical Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna), Karin Wolf-Schwenninger (Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde Stuttgart), Alexey Solodovnikov (Biosystematics, Natural History Museum of Denmark)Get access
Published in Scientific Reports (2017)
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