Gear
![Iron gears, [[Han dynasty](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/Han_Iron_Gears_%289947881746%29.jpg)
The smaller member of a pair of meshing gears is often called pinion. Most commonly, gears and gear trains can be used to trade torque for rotational speed between two axles or other rotating parts and/or to change the axis of rotation and/or to invert the sense of rotation. A gear may also be used to transmit linear force and/or linear motion to a rack, a straight bar with a row of compatible teeth.
Gears are among the most common mechanical parts. They come in a great variety of shapes and materials, and are used for many different functions and applications. Diameters may range from a few μm in micromachines, to a few mm in watches and toys to over 10 metres in some mining equipment. Other types of parts that are somewhat similar in shape and function to gears include the sprocket, which is meant to engage with a link chain instead of another gear, and the timing pulley, meant to engage a timing belt. Most gears are round and have equal teeth, designed to operate as smoothly as possible; but there are several applications for non-circular gears, and the Geneva drive has an extremely uneven operation, by design.
Gears can be seen are instances of the basic lever "machine". When a small gear drives a larger one, the mechanical advantage of this ideal lever causes the torque ''T'' to increase but the rotational speed ''ω'' to decrease. The opposite effect is obtained when a large gear drives a small one. The changes are proportional to the ''gear ratio'' ''r'', the ratio of the tooth counts. namely, ''T''2/''T''1 = ''r'' = ''N''2/''N''1'', and ''ω''2/''ω''1 = 1/''r'' = ''N''1/''N''2''. Depending on the geometry of the pair, the sense of rotation may also be inverted (from clockwise to anti-clockwise , or vice-versa).
Most vehicles have a transmission or "gearbox" containing a set of gears that can be meshed in multiple configurations. The gearbox lets the operator vary the torque that is applied to the wheels without changing the engine's speed. Gearboxes are used also in many other machines, such as lathes and conveyor belts. In all those cases, terms like "first gear", "high gear", and "reverse gear" refer to the overall torque ratios of different meshing configurations, rather than to specific physical gears. These terms may be applied even when the vehicle does not actually contain gears, as in a continuously variable transmission. Provided by Wikipedia
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81by O'Sullivan, C., Cahill, G., Murphy, J. A., Gear, W. K., Harris, J., Ade, P. A. R., Church, S. E., Thompson, K. L., Pryke, C., Bock, J., Bowden, M., Brown, M. L., Carlstrom, J. E., Castro, P. G., Culverhouse, T., Friedman, R. B., Ganga, K., Haynes, V., Hinderks, J. R., Kovak, J., Lange, A. E., Leitch, E. M., Mallie, O. E., Melhuish, S. J., Orlando, A., Piccirillo, L., Pisano, G., Rajguru, N., Rusholme, B. A., Schwarz, R., Taylor, A. N., Wu, E. Y. S., Zemcov, M.Get access
Published in Infrared Physics & Technology (2008)
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82by Hinderks, J., Ade, Peter A. R., Bock, J., Bowden, M., Brown, M. L., Cahill, G., Carlstrom, J. E., Castro, P. G., Church, S., Culverhouse, T., Friedman, R., Ganga, K., Gear, Walter Kieran, Gupta, S., Harris, J., Haynes, V., Kovac, J., Lange, A. E., Leitch, E., Mallie, O. E., Melhuish, S., Memari, Y., Murphy, A., Orlando, A., Schwarz, R., Sullivan, C. O., Piccirillo, L., Pryke, C., Rajguru, N., Rusholme, B., Taylor, A. N., Thompson, K. L., Tucker, Carole Elizabeth, Turner, A. H., Wu, E., Zemcov, M.Get access
Published 2012
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83by O'Sullivan, Créidhe, Cahill, G., Murphy, J.Anthony, Gear, W.K., Harris, J., Ade, P.A.R., Church, S.E., Thompson, K.L., Pryke, C., Bock, J., Bowden, M., Brown, M.L., Carlstrom, J.E., Castro, P.G., Culverhouse, T., Friedman, R.B., Ganga, K., Haynes, V., Hinderks, J.R., Kovak, J., Lange, A.E., Leitch, E.M., Mallie, O.E., Melhuish, S.J., Orlando, A., Piccirillo, L., Pisano, G., Rajguru, N., Rusholme, B., Schwarz, R., Taylor, A.N., Wu, E.Y.S., Zemcov, M.Get access
Published 2008
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84by O'Sullivan, C., Cahill, G., Murphy, J. A., Gear, W. K., Harris, J., Ade, P. A. R., Church, S. E., Thompson, K. L., Pryke, C., Bock, J., Bowden, M., Brown, M. L., Carlstrom, J. E., Castro, P. G., Culverhouse, T., Friedman, R. B., Ganga, K., Haynes, V., Hinderks, J. R., Kovak, J., Lange, A. E., Leitch, E. M., Mallie, O. E., Melhuish, S. J., Orlando, A., Piccirillo, L., Pisano, G., Rajguru, N., Rusholme, B. A., Schwarz, R., Taylor, A. N., Wu, E. Y. S., Zemcov, M.Get access
Published in Infrared Physics & Technology (2008)
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85by O'Sullivan, C., Cahill, G., Murphy, J. A., Gear, W. K., Harris, J., Ade, P. A R, Church, S. E., Thompson, K. L., Pryke, C., Bock, J., Bowden, M., Brown, M. L., Carlstrom, J. E., Castro, P. G., Culverhouse, T., Friedman, R. B., Ganga, K. M., Haynes, V., Hinderks, J. R., Kovak, J., Lange, A. E., Leitch, E. M., Mallie, O. E., Melhuish, S. J., Orlando, A., Piccirillo, L., Pisano, G., Rajguru, N., Rusholme, B. A., Schwarz, R., Taylor, A. N., Wu, E. Y S, Zemcov, M.Get access
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86by O'Sullivan C., Cahill G., Murphy J. A., Gear W. K., Harris J., Ade P. A. R., Church S. E., Thompson K. L., Pryke C., Bock J., Bowden M., Brown M. L., Carlstrom J. E., Castro P. G., Culverhouse T., Friedman R. B., Ganga K. M., Haynes V., Hinderks J. R., Kovak J., Lange A. E., Leitch E. M., Mallie O. E., Melhuish S. J., Orlando A., Piccirillo L., Pisano G., Rajguru N., Rusholme B. A., Schwarz R., Taylor A. N., Wu E. Y. S., Zemcov M.Contributors: “...Gear, W. K....”
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87by O'Sullivan, C., Cahill, G., Murphy, J. A., Gear, W. K., Harris, J., Ade, P. A. R., Church, S. E., Thompson, K. L., Pryke, C., Bock, J., Bowden, M., Brown, M. L., Carlstrom, J. E., Castro, P. G., Culverhouse, T., Friedman, R. B., Ganga, K., Haynes, V., Hinderks, J. R., Kovak, J., Lange, A. E., Leitch, E. M., Mallie, O. E., Melhuish, S. J., Orlando, A., Piccirillo, L., Pisano, G., Rajguru, N., Rusholme, B. A., Schwarz, R., Taylor, A. N., Wu, E. Y. S., Zemcov, M.Get access
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88by O'Sullivan, C., Cahill, G., Murphy, J. A., Gear, W. K., Harris, J., Ade, P. A. R., Church, S. E., Thompson, K. L., Pryke, C., Bock, J., Bowden, M., Brown, M. L., Carlstrom, J. E., Castro, P. G., Culverhouse, T., Friedman, R. B., Ganga, K., Haynes, V., Hinderks, J. R., Kovak, J., Lange, A. E., Leitch, E. M., Mallie, O. E., Melhuish, S. J., Orlando, A., Piccirillo, L., Pisano, G., Rajguru, N., Rusholme, B. A., Schwarz, R., Taylor, A. N., Wu, E. Y. S., Zemcov, M.Get access
Published in Infrared Physics & Technology (2008)
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89by O'Sullivan, C., Cahill, G., Murphy, J. A., Gear, W. K., Harris, J., Ade, P. A. R., Church, S. E., Thompson, K. L., Pryke, C., Bock, J., Bowden, M., Brown, M. L., Carlstrom, J. E., Castro, P. G., Culverhouse, T., Friedman, R. B., Ganga, K., Haynes, V., Hinderks, J. R., Kovak, J., Lange, A. E., Leitch, E. M., Mallie, O. E., Melhuish, S. J., Orlando, A., Piccirillo, L., Pisano, G., Rajguru, N., Rusholme, B. A., Schwarz, R., Taylor, A. N., Wu, E. Y. S., Zemcov, M.Get access
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90by O'Sullivan, C., Cahill, G., Murphy, J. A., Gear, W. K., Harris, J., Ade, P. A. R., Church, S. E., Thompson, K. L., Pryke, C., Bock, J., Bowden, M., Brown, M. L., Carlstrom, J. E., Castro, P. G., Culverhouse, T., Friedman, R. B., Ganga, K., Haynes, V., Hinderks, J. R., Kovak, J., Lange, A. E., Leitch, E. M., Mallie, O. E., Melhuish, S. J., Orlando, A., Piccirillo, L., Pisano, G., Rajguru, N., Rusholme, B. A., Schwarz, R., Taylor, A. N., Wu, E. Y. S., Zemcov, M.Get access
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91by Hinderks, J. R., Ade, P., Bock, J., Bowden, M., Brown, M. L., Cahill, G., Carlstrom, J. E., Castro, P. G., Church, S., Culverhouse, T., Friedman, R., Ganga, K., Gear, W. K., Gupta, S., Harris, J., Haynes, V., Keating, B. G., Kovac, J., Kirby, E., Lange, A. E., Leitch, E., Mallie, O. E., Melhuish, S., Memari, Y., Murphy, A., Orlando, A., Schwarz, R., O'Sullivan, C., Piccirillo, L., Pryke, C., Rajguru, N., Rusholme, B., Taylor, A. N., Thompson, K. L., Tucker, C., Turner, A. H., Wu, E. Y. S., Zemcov, M.Get access
Published in The Astrophysical Journal (2009)
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92by Hinderks, J., Ade, P.A.R., Bock, J., Bowden, M.L., Cahill, G., Carlstrom, J.E., Castro, P.G., Church, S., Culverhouse, T., Friedman, R., Ganga, K., Gear, W.K., Gupta, S., Harris, J., Haynes, V., Keating, B.G., Kovac, J., Kirby, E., Lange, A.E., Leitch, E., Mallie, O.E., Melhuish, S., Memari, Y., Murphy, J.Anthony, Orlando, A., Schwarz, R., O'Sullivan, Créidhe, Piccirillo, L., Pryke, C., Rajguru, N., Rusholme, B., Taylor, A.N., Thompson, K.L., Tucker, C., Turner, A.H., Wu, E.Y.S., Zemcov, M.Get access
Published 2009
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93by Hinderks, J.R., Ade, P., Bock, J., Bowden, M., Brown, M. L., Cahill, G., Carlstrom, J. E., Castro, P. G., Church, S., Culverhouse, T., Friedman, R., Ganga, K., Gear, W. K., Gupta, S., Harris, J., Haynes, V., Keating, B. G., Kovac, J., Kirby, E., Lange, A. E., Leitch, E., Mallie, O. E., Melhuish, S., Memari, Y., Murphy, A., Orlando, A., Schwarz, R., Sullivan, C. O', Piccirillo, L., Pryke, C., Rajguru, N., Rusholme, B., Taylor, A. N., Thompson, K. L., Tucker, C., Turner, A. H., Wu, E. Y. S., Zemcov, M.Get access
Published in The Astrophysical Journal (2009)
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94by Hinderks, J.R., Ade, P., Bock, J., Bowden, M., Brown, M. L., Cahill, G., Carlstrom, J. E., Castro, P. G., Church, S., Culverhouse, T., Friedman, R., Ganga, K., Gear, W. K., Gupta, S., Harris, J., Haynes, V., Keating, B. G., Kovac, J., Kirby, E., Lange, A. E., Leitch, E., Mallie, O. E., Melhuish, S., Memari, Y., Murphy, A., Orlando, A., Schwarz, R., Sullivan, C. O', Piccirillo, L., Pryke, C., Rajguru, N., Rusholme, B., Taylor, A. N., Thompson, K. L., Tucker, C., Turner, A. H., Wu, E. Y. S., Zemcov, M.Get access
Published in The Astrophysical Journal (2009)
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95by O'Sullivan, C., Cahill, G., Murphy, J. A., Gear, Walter Kieran, Harris, Jonathan L, Ade, Peter A. R., Church, S. E., Thompson, K. L., Pryke, C., Bock, J., Bowden, Melanie, Brown, M. L., Carlstrom, J. E., Castro, P. G., Culverhouse, T., Friedman, R. B., Ganga, K. M., Haynes, Charles Victor, Hinderks, J. R., Kovak, J., Lange, A. E., Leitch, E. M., Mallie, Oliver Eric, Melhuish, Simon John, Orlando, Angiola, Piccirillo, Lucio, Pisano, Giampaolo, Rajguru, Nutan J., Rusholme, B. A., Schwarz, R., Taylor, A. N., Wu, E. Y. S., Zemcov, MichaelGet access
Published in Infrared Physics & Technology (2008)
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96by Hinderks, J., Ade, P.A.R., Bock, J.J., Bowden, M., Brown, M.L., Cahill, G., Carlstrom, J.E., Castro, P.G., Church, S., Culverhouse, T., Friedman, R., Ganga, K., Gear, W.K., Gupta, S., Harris, J., Haynes, V., Kovac, J., Lange, A.E., Leitch, E., Mallie, O.E., Melhuish, S.J., Memari, Y., Murphy, J.Anthony, Orlando, A., Schwarz, R., O'Sullivan, Créidhe, Piccirillo, L., Pryke, C., Rajguru, N., Rusholme, B., Taylor, A.N., Thompson, K.L., Tucker, C., Turner, A.H., Wu, E.Y.S., Zemcov, M.Get access
Published 2011
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97by Brown, Michael, Hinderks, J. R., Ade, P., Bock, J., Bowden, M., Brown, M. L., Cahill, G., Carlstrom, J. E., Castro, P. G., Church, S., Culverhouse, T., Friedman, R., Ganga, K., Gear, W. K., Gupta, S., Harris, J., Haynes, V., Keating, B. G., Kovac, J., Kirby, E., Lange, A. E., Leitch, E., Mallie, O. E., Melhuish, S., Memari, Y., Murphy, A., Orlando, A., Schwarz, R., O'Sullivan, C., Piccirillo, L., Pryke, C., Rajguru, N., Rusholme, B., Taylor, A. N., Thompson, K. L., Tucker, C., Turner, A. H., Wu, E. Y S, Zemcov, M.Get access
Published in The Astrophysical Journal (2009)
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98by Hinderks, J. R., Ade, P., Bock, J., Bowden, M., Brown, M. L., Cahill, G., Carlstrom, J. E., Castro, P. G., Church, S., Culverhouse, T., Friedman, R., Ganga, K., Gear, W. K., Gupta, S., Harris, J., Haynes, V., Keating, B. G., Kovac, J., Kirby, E., Lange, A. E., Leitch, E., Mallie, O. E., Melhuish, S., Memari, Y., Murphy, A., Orlando, A., Schwarz, R., O'Sullivan, C., Piccirillo, L., Pryke, C., Rajguru, N., Rusholme, B., Taylor, A. N., Thompson, K. L., Tucker, C., Turner, A. H., Wu, E. Y S, Zemcov, M.Get access
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99by Hinderks, J.R., Ade, P., Bock, J., Bowden, M., Brown, M. L., Cahill, G., Carlstrom, J. E., Castro, P. G., Church, S., Culverhouse, T., Friedman, R., Ganga, K., Gear, W. K., Gupta, S., Harris, J., Haynes, V., Keating, B. G., Kovac, J., Kirby, E., Lange, A. E., Leitch, E., Mallie, O. E., Melhuish, S., Memari, Y., Murphy, A., Orlando, A., Schwarz, R., Sullivan, C. O', Piccirillo, L., Pryke, C., Rajguru, N., Rusholme, B., Taylor, A. N., Thompson, K. L., Tucker, C., Turner, A. H., Wu, E. Y. S., Zemcov, M.Get access
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100by Hinderks, J.R., Ade, P., Bock, J., Bowden, M., Brown, M. L., Cahill, G., Carlstrom, J. E., Castro, P. G., Church, S., Culverhouse, T., Friedman, R., Ganga, K., Gear, W. K., Gupta, S., Harris, J., Haynes, V., Keating, B. G., Kovac, J., Kirby, E., Lange, A. E., Leitch, E., Mallie, O. E., Melhuish, S., Memari, Y., Murphy, A., Orlando, A., Schwarz, R., Sullivan, C. O', Piccirillo, L., Pryke, C., Rajguru, N., Rusholme, B., Taylor, A. N., Thompson, K. L., Tucker, C., Turner, A. H., Wu, E. Y. S., Zemcov, M.Get access
Published in The Astrophysical Journal (2009)
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