Gale
![James Hamilton](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/Brooklyn_Museum_-_After_a_Gale--Wreckers_-_James_Hamilton_-_overall.jpg)
Other sources use minima as low as , and maxima as high as . Through 1986, the National Hurricane Center used the term “gale” to refer to winds of for coastal areas, between and . The definition is very non-standard. A common alternative definition of the maximum is .
The most common way of describing wind force is with the Beaufort scale which defines a gale as wind from to . It is an empirical measure for describing wind speed based mainly on observed sea conditions. On the original 1810 Beaufort wind force scale, there were four different "gale" designations whereas generally today there are two gale forces, 8 and 9, and a near gale 7:
{| class="wikitable" |- ! Wind force !! Original name !! Current name !! km/h !! m/s !! mph !! knots !! Mean knots !! Sea state |- | 7 || Moderate gale || Near gale || 50–61 || 14–17 || 32–38 || 28–33 || 30 || Rough |- | 8 || Fresh gale || Gale || 62–74 || 17–20 || 39–46 || 34–40 || 37 || Very Rough |- | 9 || Strong gale || Severe Gale/ Strong Gale (UK) || 75–88 || 21–24 || 47–54 || 41–47 || 44 || High |- | 10 || Whole gale || Storm || 89–102 || 25–28 || 55–63 || 48–55 || 52 || Very High |} Provided by Wikipedia
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201by Mortenson, Eric, Hayashida, Hakase, Steiner, Nadja, Monahan, Adam, Blais, Marjolaine, Gale, Matthew A., Galindo, Virginie, Gosselin, Michel, Hu, Xianmin, Lavoie, Diane, Mundy, Christopher JohnGet access
Published in Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene (2017)
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202by Mortenson, Eric, Hayashida, Hakase, Steiner, Nadja, Monahan, Adam H., Blais, Marjolaine, Gale, Matthew A., Galindo, Virginie, Gosselin, Michel, Hu, Xianmin, Lavoie, Diane, Mundy, Christopher JohnGet access
Published in Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene (2017)
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203by Ardyna, Mathieu, Mundy, C., Mayot, Nicolas, Matthes, Lisa, Oziel, Laurent, Horvat, Christopher, Leu, Eva, Assmy, Philipp, Hill, Victoria, Matrai, Patricia, Gale, Matthew, Melnikov, Igor, Arrigo, KevinGet access
Published in Frontiers in Marine Science (2020)
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204by Marinova, Margarita M., Mckay, Christopher P., Pollard, Wayne H., Heldmann, Jennifer L., Davila, Alfonso F., Andersen, Dale T., Jackson, W. Andrew, Lacelle, Denis, Paulsen, Gale, Zacny, KrisGet access
Published in Antarctic Science (2013)
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205by Timothy Clark, NB Furey, EL Rechisky, MK Gale, KM Jeffries, AD Porter, MT Casselman, AG Lotto, DA Patterson, SJ Cooke, AP Farrell, DW Welch, SG HinchGet access
Published 2016
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206by Malaska, Michael J., Bhartia, Rohit, Manatt, Kenneth S., Priscu, John C., Abbey, William J., Mellerowicz, Boleslaw, Palmowski, Joseph, Paulsen, Gale L., Zacny, Kris, Eshelman, Evan J., D'Andrilli, JulianaGet access
Published in Astrobiology (2020)
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207
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208by Galé, Carlos, Ubide, Teresa, Lago San José, Marceliano, Gil Imaz, Andrés, Gil Peña, Inmaculada, Galindo Zaldívar, Jesús, Rey Díaz de Rada, Jorge, Maestro González, Adolfo, López Martínez, JerónimoGet access
Published 2020
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209by Galé, Carlos, Ubide, Teresa, Lago San José, Marceliano, Gil Imaz, Andrés, Gil Peña, Inmaculada, Galindo Zaldívar, Jesús, Rey Díaz de Rada, Jorge, Maestro González, Adolfo, López Martínez, JerónimoGet access
Published 2014
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210by Malaska, Michael J., Bhartia, Rohit, Manatt, Kenneth S., Priscu, John C., Abbey, William J., Mellerowicz, Boleslaw, Palmowski, Joseph, Paulsen, Gale L., Zacny, Kris, Eshelman, Evan J., D'Andrilli, JulianaGet access
Published in Astrobiology (2020)
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211by Gale, A.S., Jenkyns, H.C., Tsikos, H., van Breugel, Y., Sinninghe Damsté, J.S., Bottini, C., Erba, E., Russo, F., Falzoni, F., Petrizzo, M.R., Dickson, A.J., Wray, D.S.Get access
Published in Newsletters on Stratigraphy (2019)
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212by Gale, A.S., Jenkyns, H.C., Tsikos, H., Van Breugel, Y., Sinninghe Damsté, J.S., Bottini, C., Erba, E., Russo, F., Falzoni, F., Petrizzo, M.R., Dickson, A.J., Wray, D.S.Get access
Published 2019
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213by Andrew S. Gale, Hugh C. Jenkyns, Harilaos Tsikos, Yvonne van Breugel, Jaap S. Sinninghe Damsté, Cinzia Bottini, Elisabetta Erba, Fabio Russo, Francesca Falzoni, Maria Rose Petrizzo, Alexander J. Dickson, David S. WrayContributors: “...A.S. Gale...”
Published in Newsletters on Stratigraphy (2019)
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214by Ardyna, Mathieu, Mundy, C., Mayot, Nicolas, Matthes, Lisa, Oziel, Laurent, Horvat, Christopher, Leu, Eva, Assmy, Philipp, Hill, Victoria, Matrai, Patricia, A, Gale, Matthew, Melnikov, Igor, A, Arrigo, Kevin, RGet access
Published in Frontiers in Marine Science (2020)
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215by Ardyna, Mathieu, Mundy, C., Mayot, Nicolas, Matthes, Lisa, Oziel, Laurent, Horvat, Christopher, Leu, Eva, Assmy, Philipp, Hill, Victoria, Matrai, Patricia, A, Gale, Matthew, Melnikov, Igor, A, Arrigo, Kevin, RGet access
Published in Frontiers in Marine Science (2020)
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216by Ardyna, Mathieu, Mundy, C., Mayot, Nicolas, Matthes, Lisa, Oziel, Laurent, Horvat, Christopher, Leu, Eva, Assmy, Philipp, Hill, Victoria, Matrai, Patricia, A, Gale, Matthew, Melnikov, Igor, A, Arrigo, Kevin, RGet access
Published in Frontiers in Marine Science (2020)
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217by Ardyna, Mathieu, Mundy, C. J., Mayot, Nicolas, Matthes, Lisa C., Oziel, Laurent, Horvat, Christopher, Leu, Eva, Assmy, Philip, Hill, Victoria, Matrai, Patricia A., Gale, Matthew, Melnikov, Igor A., Arrigo, Kevin R.Get access
Published in Frontiers in Marine Science (2020)
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218by Ardyna, Mathieu, Mundy, C. J., Mayot, Nicolas, Matthes, Lisa C., Oziel, Laurent, Horvat, Christopher, Leu, Eva, Assmy, Philipp, Hill, Victoria, Matrai, Patricia A., Gale, Matthew, Melnikov, Igor A., Arrigo, Kevin R.Get access
Published in Frontiers in Marine Science (2020)
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219by Mathieu Ardyna, C. J. Mundy, Nicolas Mayot, Lisa C. Matthes, Laurent Oziel, Christopher Horvat, Eva Leu, Philipp Assmy, Victoria Hill, Patricia A. Matrai, Matthew Gale, Igor A. Melnikov, Kevin R. ArrigoGet access
Published in Frontiers in Marine Science (2020)
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220by Ardyna, Mathieu, Mundy, C. J., Mayot, Nicolas, Matthes, Lisa C., Oziel, Laurent, Horvat, Christopher, Leu, Eva, Assmy, Philipp, Hill, Victoria, Matrai, Patricia A., Gale, Matthew, Melnikov, Igor A., Arrigo, Kevin R.Get access
Published in Frontiers in Marine Science (2020)
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