Fern
—Present}}
|image=
| taxon = Polypodiopsida
| authority = Cronquist, Takht. & W.Zimm.
| subdivision_ranks = Subclasses
| subdivision =
* †Stauropterididae
* †Zygopterididae
* Equisetidae
* Marattiidae
* Ophioglossidae
* Polypodiidae
| synonyms =
* Filicatae Kubitski 1990
* Filices
* Filicophyta Endlicher 1836
* Monilophyta Cantino & Donoghue 2007
* Pteridopsida Ritgen 1828
}}The ferns (Polypodiopsida or Polypodiophyta) are a group of vascular plants (plants with xylem and phloem) that reproduce via spores and have neither seeds nor flowers. They differ from mosses by being vascular, i.e., having specialized tissues that conduct water and nutrients, and in having life cycles in which the branched sporophyte is the dominant phase.
Ferns have complex leaves called megaphylls that are more complex than the microphylls of clubmosses. Most ferns are leptosporangiate ferns. They produce coiled fiddleheads that uncoil and expand into fronds. The group includes about 10,560 known extant species. Ferns are defined here in the broad sense, being all of the Polypodiopsida, comprising both the leptosporangiate (Polypodiidae) and eusporangiate ferns, the latter group including horsetails, whisk ferns, marattioid ferns, and ophioglossoid ferns.
The fern crown group, consisting of the leptosporangiates and eusporangiates, is estimated to have originated in the late Silurian period 423.2 million years ago, but Polypodiales, the group that makes up 80% of living fern diversity, did not appear and diversify until the Cretaceous, contemporaneous with the rise of flowering plants that came to dominate the world's flora.
Ferns are not of major economic importance, but some are used for food, medicine, as biofertilizer, as ornamental plants, and for remediating contaminated soil. They have been the subject of research for their ability to remove some chemical pollutants from the atmosphere. Some fern species, such as bracken (''Pteridium aquilinum'') and water fern (''Azolla filiculoides''), are significant weeds worldwide. Some fern genera, such as ''Azolla'', can fix nitrogen and make a significant input to the nitrogen nutrition of rice paddies. They also play certain roles in folklore. Provided by Wikipedia
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101by O. Bothe, M. Evans, F. Shi, F. J. Gonzalez-Rouco, G. Hegerl, A. Hind, J. Jungclaus, D. Kaufman, F. Lehner, N. McKay, A. Moberg, C. C. Raible, A. Schurer, Goosse, Hugues, J. Smerdon, L. von Gunten, S. Wagner, E. Warren, M. Widmann, P. Yiou, E. Zorita, L. Fernández Donado, E. Garcia Bustamante, J. GergisGet access
Published in Climate of the Past (2015)
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102by O. Bothe, M. Evans, F. Shi, F. J. Gonzalez-Rouco, G. Hegerl, A. Hind, J. Jungclaus, D. Kaufman, F. Lehner, N. McKay, A. Moberg, C. C. Raible, A. Schurer, Goosse, Hugues, J. Smerdon, L. von Gunten, S. Wagner, E. Warren, M. Widmann, P. Yiou, E. Zorita, L. Fernández Donado, E. Garcia Bustamante, J. GergisGet access
Published in Climate of the Past (2015)
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103by Rachele Vada, Sonia Illanas, Pelayo Acevedo, Tim Adriaens, Marco Apollonio, Olgirda Belova, Jose Antonio Blanco???Aguiar, S??ndor Cs??nyi, Guillaume Body, Isabel G. Fern??ndez???De???Mera, Ezio Ferroglio, Patrick A. Jansen, Jonathan M. Jeschke, Oliver Keuling, Santiago Palaz??n, Kamila Plis, Tomasz Podg??rski, Fiona Rickowski, Massimo Scandura, Vasilij Shakun, Graham C. Smith, Philip A. Stephens, Koen Van Den Berge, Rauno Veeroja, Stefania Zanet, Ilgvars Zihmanis, Joaquin VicenteContributors: “...Isabel G. Fern??ndez???De???Mera...”
Published in Mammal Review (2023)
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104by Ricci, Antonia, Allende, Ana, Bolton, Declan, Chemaly, Marianne, Davies, Robert, Fernández Escámez, Pablo Salvador, Gironés, Rosina, Herman, Lieve, Koutsoumanis, Kostas, Lindqvist, Roland, Nørrung, Birgit, Robertson, Lucy, Sanaa, Moez, Skandamis, Panagiotis, Snary, Emma, Speybroeck, Niko, Ter Kuile, Benno, Threlfall, John, Wahlström, Helene, Benestad, Sylvie, Gavierâ€Widen, Dolores, Miller, Michael W, Ru, Giuseppe, Telling, Glenn C, Tryland, Morten, Ortiz Pelaez, Angel, Simmons, Marion, EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ)Get access
Published in EFSA Journal (2017)
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105by Ricci, Antonia, Allende, Ana, Bolton, Declan, Chemaly, Marianne, Davies, Robert, Fernández Escámez, Pablo Salvador, Gironés, Rosina, Herman, Lieve, Koutsoumanis, Kostas, Lindqvist, Roland, Nørrung, Birgit, Robertson, Lucy, Sanaa, Moez, Skandamis, Panagiotis, Snary, Emma, Speybroeck, Niko, Ter Kuile, Benno, Threlfall, John, Wahlström, Helene, Benestad, Sylvie, Gavierâ€Widen, Dolores, Miller, Michael W, Ru, Giuseppe, Telling, Glenn C, Tryland, Morten, Ortiz Pelaez, Angel, Simmons, Marion, EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ)Get access
Published in EFSA Journal (2017)
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106by Sequeira, A. M. M., Rodriguez, J. P., EguÃluz, V. M., Harcourt, R., Hindell, M., Sims, D. W., Duarte, C. M., Costa, Daniel, Fernández-Gracia, J., Ferreira, L.C., Hayes, G. C., Heupel, M. R., Meekan, M. G., Aven, A., Bailleul, F., Baylis, A. M. M., Berumen, M. L., Braun, C. D., Burns, J., Caley, M. J., Campbell, R., Carmichael, R. H., Clua, E., Einoder, L. D., Friedlaender, Ari, Goebel, M. E., Goldsworthy, S. D., Guinet, C., Gunn, J., Hamer, D., Hammerschlag, N., Hammill, M., Hückstädt, L. A., Humphries, N.E., Lea, M.-A., Lowther, A., Mackay, A., McHuron, E., McKenzie, J., McLeay, L., McMahon, C.R., Mengersen, K., Muelbert, M. M. C., Pagano, A. M., Page, B., Queiroz, N., Robinson, P. W., Shaffer, Scott, Shivji, M., Skomal, G. B., Thorrold, S. R., Villegas-Amtmann, S., Weise, M., Wells, R., Wetherbee, B., Wiebkin, A., Wienecke, B., Thums, M.Get access
Published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (2018)
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107by Thomas, Haydn J. D., Myers-Smith, I. H., Bjorkman, Anne, Elmendorf, S. C., Blok, Daan, Cornelissen, J. H. C., Forbes, Bruce C., Hollister, R. D., Normand, S., Prevéy, J. S., Rixen, C., Schaepman-Strub, Gabriela., Wilmking, M., Wipf, Sonja, Cornwell, W. K., Kattge, Jens, Goetz, Scott J., Guay, K. C., Alatalo, Juha M., Anadon-Rosell, Alba, Angers-Blondin, Sandra, Berner, L. T., Björk, Robert G, Buchwal, Agata, Buras, Allan, Carbognani, Michele, Christie, Katherine, Siegwart Collier, L., Cooper, Elisabeth J., Eskelinen, Anu, Frei, Esther R., Grau Fernández, Oriol, Grogan, P., Hallinger, M., Heijmans, M. M. P. D., Hermanutz, L., Hudson, J. M. G., Hülber, K., Iturrate-Garcia, Maitane, Iversen, C. M., Jaroszynska, F., Johnstone, J. F., Kaarlejärvi, Elina, Kulonen, Aino, Lamarque, L. J., Lévesque, E., Little, C. J., Michelsen, Anders, Milbau, A., Nabe-Nielsen, J., Nielsen, S. S., Ninot, J. M., Oberbauer, S. F., Olofsson, Johan, Onipchenko, Vladimir, Petraglia, Alessandro, Rumpf, Sabine B, Semenchuk, P. R., Soudzilovskaia, Nadejda A, Spasojevic, M. J., Speed, J. D. M., Tape, K. D., Beest, Mariska te, Tomaselli, M., Trant, A., Treier, U. A., Venn, S., Vowles, T., Weijers, S., Zamin, T. J, Atkin, Owen K., Bahn, Michael., Blonder, Benjamin, Campetella, Giandiego, Cerabolini, Bruno Enrico Leone, Chapin III, F. Stuart, Dainese, Matteo, Vries, F. T. de, DÃaz, Sandra., Green, W., Jackson, Robert B, Manning, Peter, Niinemets, Ãœlo., Ozinga, Wim, Peñuelas, Josep, Reich, P. B., Schamp, B., Sheremetev, S., Bodegom, Peter vanGet access
Published in Global Ecology and Biogeography (2019)
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108by Thomas, H. J. D., Bjorkman, Anne, Myers-Smith, I. H., Elmendorf, S. C., Kattge, Jens, DÃaz, Sandra, Vellend, M., Blok, Daan, Cornelissen, J. H. C., Forbes, Bruce C., Henry, Gregory H. R, Hollister, R. D., Normand, S., Prevéy, J. S., Rixen, C., Schaepman-Strub, G., Wilmking, Martin, Wipf, Sonja, Cornwell, W. K., Beck, P. S. A., Georges, D., Goetz, Scott J., Guay, K. C., Rüger, Nadja, Soudzilovskaia, Nadejda A., Spasojevic, M., Alatalo, Juha M, Alexander, Heather D, Anadon-Rosell, Alba, Angers-Blondin, Sandra, te Beest, M., Berner, Logan, Björk, Robert G, Buchwal, Agata, Buras, Allan, Carbognani, Michele, Christie, Katherine, Collier, Laura Siegwart, Cooper, Elisabeth J., Elberling, B., Eskelinen, Anu, Frei, Esther R., Grau Fernández, Oriol, Grogan, P., Hallinger, M., Heijmans, M. M. P. D., Hermanutz, L., Hudson, J. M. G., Johnstone, J. F., Hülber, K., Iturrate-Garcia, Maitane, Iversen, C. M., Jaroszynska, F., Kaarlejärvi, Elina, Kulonen, Aino, Lamarque, L. J., Lantz, Trevor, Lévesque, Esther, Little, C. J., Michelsen, Anders, Milbau, Ann, Nabe-Nielsen, J., Nielsen, S. S., Ninot, J. M., Oberbauer, S. F., Olofsson, Johan, Onipchenko, Vladimir, Petraglia, Alessandro, Rumpf, Sabine B., Shetti, Rohan, Speed, J. D. M., Suding, K. N., Tape, K. D., Tomaselli, M., Trant, A. J., Treier, U. A., Tremblay, M., Venn, S. E., Vowles, T., Weijers, S., Wookey, P. A., Zamin, T. J., Bahn, Michael, Blonder, Benjamin, van Bodegom, Peter, Bond-Lamberty, Ben, Campetella, Giandiego, Cerabolini, Bruno Enrico Leone, Chapin III, F. Stuart, Craine, Joseph, Dainese, Matteo, Green, W. A., Jansen, Steven, Kleyer, M., Manning, Peter, Niinemets, Ãœlo, Onoda, Y., Ozinga, Wim, Peñuelas, Josep, Poschlod, P., Reich, Peter, Sandel, B., Schamp, B., Sheremetiev, S. N., de Vries, F. T.Get access
Published 2020
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109by Bjorkman, Anne, Myers-Smith, I. H, Elmendorf, Sarah C., Normand, Signe, Rüger, Nadja, Beck, Pieter S. A., Blanch Overgaard, Anne, Blok, Daan, Cornelissen, J. H. C., Forbes, Bruce C., Georges, Damien, Goetz, Scott J., Guay, Kevin C., Henry, Gregory H. R., HilleRisLambers, Janneke, Hollister, R. D, Karger, Dirk N., Kattge, Jens, Manning, Peter, Prevéy, Janet S., Rixen, Christian, Schaepman-Strub, Gabriela, Thomas, Haydn J. D., Vellend, Mark, Wilmking, Martin, Wipf, Sonja, Carbognani, Michele, Hermanutz, Luise, Lévesque, Esther, Molau, Ulf, Petraglia, Alessandro, Soudzilovskaia, Nadejda A., Spasojevic, M, Tomaselli, Marcello, Vowles, Tage, Alatalo, Juha M., Alexander, Heather D., Anadon-Rosell, Alba, Angers-Blondin, Sandra, Beest, Mariska te., Berner, Logan, Björk, Robert G, Buchwal, Agata, Buras, Allan, Christie, Katherine, Cooper, Elisabeth J., Dullinger, Stefan, Elberling, B., Eskelinen, Anu, Frei, Esther R., Grau Fernández, Oriol, Grogan, Paul, Hallinger, Martin, Harper, Karen A., Heijmans, Monique M. P. D., Hudson, James, Hülber, K, Iturrate-Garcia, Maitane, Iversen, C. M, Jaroszynska, Francesca, Johnstone, Jill F., Jørgensen, Rasmus Halfdan, Kaarlejärvi, Elina, Klady, Rebecca, Kuleza, Sara, Kulonen, Aino, Lamarque, Laurent J., Lantz, Trevor, Little, Chelsea J., Speed, James D. M., Michelsen, Anders, Milbau, Ann, Nabe-Nielsen, Jacob, Nielsen, Sigrid Scholer, Ninot Sugrañes, Josep M., Oberbauer, Steven F., Olofsson, Johan, Onipchenko, Vladimir, Rumpf, Sabine B., Semenchuk, Philipp, Shetti, Rohan, Collier, Laura Siegwart, Street, Lorna E., Suding, Katharine N., Tape, Ken D., Trant, Andrew, Treier, Urs A., Tremblay, Jena-Pierre, Tremblay, M., Venn, S., Weijers, S., Zamin, T. J, Boulanger-Lapointe, N., Gould, W. A., Hik, D. S., Hofgaard, A., Jónsdóttir, I. S., Jorgenson, J., Klein, J., Magnusson, B., Tweedie, C., Wookey, P. A., Bahn, Michael., Blonder, Benjamin, van Bodegom, Peter, Bond-Lamberty, Ben, Campetella, Giandiego, Cerabolini, Bruno Enrico Leone, Chapin III, F. Stuart, Cornwell, William, Craine, Joseph., Dainese, Matteo, de Vries, F. T., DÃaz, Sandra., Enquist, B. J., Green, W., Milla, R., Niinemets, Ãœlo., Onoda, Y., Ordoñez, J. C., Ozinga, Wim, Peñuelas, Josep, Poorter, H., Poschlod, P., Reich, P. B., Sandel, B., Schamp, B., Sheremetev, S., Weiher, EvanGet access
Published in Nature (2018)
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115by 1686 M.O. Malte, W.R. WatsonContributors: “...(T. & G.) Fern....”
Published 1925
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119by 4717 M.J. Shchepanek, A.W. DugalContributors: “...Fern. & Wieg....”
Published 1982
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