Fern
—Present}} |image= | taxon = Polypodiopsida | authority = Cronquist, Takht. & W.Zimm. | subdivision_ranks = Subclasses | subdivision = * †Stauropterididae * †Zygopterididae * Equisetidae * Marattiidae * Ophioglossidae * Polypodiidae | synonyms = * Filicatae Kubitski 1990 * Filices * Filicophyta Endlicher 1836 * Monilophyta Cantino & Donoghue 2007 * Pteridopsida Ritgen 1828 }}
The ferns (Polypodiopsida or Polypodiophyta) are a group of vascular plants (plants with xylem and phloem) that reproduce via spores and have neither seeds nor flowers. They differ from mosses by being vascular, i.e., having specialized tissues that conduct water and nutrients, and in having life cycles in which the branched sporophyte is the dominant phase.
Ferns have complex leaves called megaphylls that are more complex than the microphylls of clubmosses. Most ferns are leptosporangiate ferns. They produce coiled fiddleheads that uncoil and expand into fronds. The group includes about 10,560 known extant species. Ferns are defined here in the broad sense, being all of the Polypodiopsida, comprising both the leptosporangiate (Polypodiidae) and eusporangiate ferns, the latter group including horsetails, whisk ferns, marattioid ferns, and ophioglossoid ferns.
The fern crown group, consisting of the leptosporangiates and eusporangiates, is estimated to have originated in the late Silurian period 423.2 million years ago, but Polypodiales, the group that makes up 80% of living fern diversity, did not appear and diversify until the Cretaceous, contemporaneous with the rise of flowering plants that came to dominate the world's flora.
Ferns are not of major economic importance, but some are used for food, medicine, as biofertilizer, as ornamental plants, and for remediating contaminated soil. They have been the subject of research for their ability to remove some chemical pollutants from the atmosphere. Some fern species, such as bracken (''Pteridium aquilinum'') and water fern (''Azolla filiculoides''), are significant weeds worldwide. Some fern genera, such as ''Azolla'', can fix nitrogen and make a significant input to the nitrogen nutrition of rice paddies. They also play certain roles in folklore. Provided by Wikipedia
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81by Fern??ndez, Alfonso, Molero, Francisco, Salvador, Pedro, Revuelta, Arantxa, Becerril-Valle, Marta, Gomez-Moreno, Francisco Javier, Art????ano, Bego??a, Pujadas, ManuelGet access
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84by C�spedes, Ana, Garc�a, Teresa, Carrera, Esther, Gonz�lez, Isabel, Fern�ndez, Alicia, Asensio, Luis, Hern�ndez, Pablo E, Mart�n, RosarioGet access
Published 2000
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86by Andrew S. Brierley A, Paul G. Fern, Es B, Mark A. Br, On C, Frederick Armstrong B, Nicholas W. Millard D, Steven D. Mcphail D, Peter Stevenson D, Miles Pebody DGet access
Published 2002
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87by Stephanie Domaschke, Fernando Fernández-Mendoza, Miguel A. García, María P. Martín, Christian PrintzenGet access
Published in Polar Research (2012)
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88by Stephanie Domaschke, Fernando Fernández-Mendoza, Miguel A. García, María P. Martín, Christian PrintzenGet access
Published in Polar Research (2012)
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91by Campioli, Matteo, Vicca, Sara, Luyssaert, Sebastiaan, Bilcke, J., Ceschia, Eric, Chapin III, F. Stuart, Ciais, Philippe, Fernández-MartÃnez, Marcos, Malhi, Yadvinder, Obersteiner, M., Olefeldt, D., Papale, D., Piao, S. L., Peñuelas, Josep, Sullivan, P. F., Wang, X., Zenone, T., Janssens, IvanGet access
Published in Nature Geoscience (2015)
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92by Chávez Segura, René, Flores Márquez, Elsa Leticia, Suriñach Cornet, Emma, Galindo ZaldÃvar, Jesús, RodrÃguez Fernández, José, Maldonado, Andrés, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientÃficas (Espanya). Instituto Andaluz de Ciencias de la TierraGet access
Published 2007
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93by Smout, Sophie, Murray, Kimberly, Aarts, Geert, Biuw, Martin, Brasseur, Sophie, Buren, Alejandro, Empacher, Fanny, Frie, Anne Kirstine, Grecian, James, Hammill, Mike, Mikkelsen, Bjarni, Mosnier, Arnaud, Rosing-asvid, Aqqalu, Russell, Debbie, Skaug, Hans, Stenson, Garry, Thomas, Len, Ver Hoef, Jay, Witting, Lars, Zabavnikov, Vladimir, Øigård, Tor Arne, Fernandez, Ruth, Wickson, FernGet access
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94by Smout, Sophie, Murray, Kimberly, Aarts, Geert, Biuw, Martin, Brasseur, Sophie, Buren, Alejandro, Empacher, Fanny, Frie, Anne Kirstine, Grecian, James, Hammill, Mike, Mikkelsen, Bjarni, Mosnier, Arnaud, Rosing-Asvid, Aqqalu, Russell, Debbie, Skaug, Hans, Stenson, Garry, Thomas, Len, ver Hoef, Jay, Witting, Lars, Zabavnikov, Vladimir, Øigård, Tor Arne, Fernandez, Ruth, Wickson, FernGet access
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95by Sophie Smout, Kimberly Murray, Geert Aarts, Martin Biuw, Sophie Brasseur, Alejandro Buren, Fanny Empacher, Anne Kirstine Frie, James Grecian, Mike Hammill, Bjarni Mikkelsen, Arnaud Mosnier, Aqqalu Rosing-Asvid, Debbie Russell, Hans Skaug, Garry Stenson, Len Thomas, Jay ver Hoef, Lars Witting, Vladimir Zabavnikov, Tor Arne Øigård, Ruth Fernandez, Fern WicksonGet access
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96by Smout, Sophie, Murray, Kimberly, Aarts, Geert, Biuw, Martin, Brasseur, Sophie, Buren, Alejandro, Empacher, Fanny, Frie, Anne Kirstine, Grecian, James, Hammill, Mike, Mikkelsen, Bjarni, Mosnier, Arnaud, Rosing-asvid, Aqqalu, Russell, Debbie, Skaug, Hans, Stenson, Garry, Thomas, Len, Ver Hoef, Jay, Witting, Lars, Zabavnikov, Vladimir, Øigård, Tor Arne, Fernandez, Ruth, Wickson, FernGet access
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97by Smout, Sophie, Murray, Kimberly, Aarts, Geert, Biuw, Martin, Brasseur, Sophie, Buren, Alejandro, Empacher, Fanny, Frie, Anne Kirstine, Grecian, James, Hammill, Mike, Mikkelsen, Bjarni, Mosnier, Arnaud, Rosing-asvid, Aqqalu, Russell, Debbie, Skaug, Hans, Stenson, Garry, Thomas, Len, Ver Hoef, Jay, Witting, Lars, Zabavnikov, Vladimir, Øigård, Tor Arne, Fernandez, Ruth, Wickson, FernGet access
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98by Smout, Sophie, Murray, Kimberly, Aarts, Geert, Biuw, Martin, Brasseur, Sophie, Buren, Alejandro, Empacher, Fanny, Frie, Anne Kirstine Højholt, Grecian, James, Hammill, Mike, Mikkelsen, Bjarni, Mosnier, Arnaud, Rosing-Asvid, Aqqalu, Russell, Debbie, Skaug, Hans Julius, Stenson, Garry, Thomas, Len, Ver Hoef, Jay, Witting, Lars, Zabavnikov, Vladimir, Øigård, Tor Arne, Fernandez, Ruth, Wickson, FernGet access
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99by Skypala, Isabel, Asero, Riccardo, Barber, Domingo, Cecchi, Lorenzo, DÃaz-Perales, Araceli, Hoffmann-Sommergruber, Karin, Pastorello, Elide Anna, Swoboda, Ines, Bartra, Joan, Ebo, Didier, Faber, Margaretha A., Fernández-Rivas, Montserrat, Gomez, Francisca, Konstantinopoulos, Anastasios. P., Luengo Sánchez, Olga, van Ree, Ronald, Scala, Enrico, Till, Stephen J., Universitat Autònoma de BarcelonaGet access
Published 2021
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100by Smout, Sophie, Murray, Kimberly, Aarts, G.M., Biuw, Martin, Brasseur, S.M.J.M., Buren, Alejandro, Empacher, Fanny, Frie, Anne Kirstine, Grecian, James, Hammill, Mike, Mikkelsen, Bjarni, Mosnier, Arnaud, Rosing-Asvid, Aqqalu, Russell, Debbie, Skaug, Hans, Stenson, Garry, Thomas, Len, ver Hoef, Jay, Witting, Lars, Zabavnikov, Vladimir, Oigard, Tor Arne, Fernandez, Ruth, Wickson, FernGet access
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