ExxonMobil
![Floating cube at ExxonMobil headquarters near [[Spring, Texas]]](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/Cube_xom_mine.png)
The company’s history traces its earliest roots to 1866, with the formation of the Vacuum Oil Company, itself acquired by Standard Oil in 1879. The company that is today known as ExxonMobil grew out of the Standard Oil Company of New Jersey (or Jersey Standard for short), the corporate entity which effectively controlled all of Standard Oil prior to its breakup. Jersey Standard grew alongside and with extensive partnership another Standard Oil descendant and its future merger partner, the Standard Oil Company of New York (Socony), both of which grew bigger by merging with various third companies like Humble Oil (which merged with Jersey Standard) and Vacuum Oil (merged with Socony). Both companies underwent rebranding in the 1960s and early 1970s, and by the time of the 1999 merger, Jersey Standard had been known as Exxon, and Socony known as Mobil. The merger agreement between Exxon and Mobil stipulated that Exxon would buy Mobil and rebrand as ExxonMobil, with Mobil's CEO becoming the vice-chairman of the company. The archival records of the company and its predecessors dating back to the 1970s are held by The Center for American History at The University of Texas at Austin.
ExxonMobil is one of the world's largest and most powerful companies, and the largest investor-owned oil company in the world. Since its merger, the company has varied from the first to tenth largest publicly traded company by revenue, and has one of the largest market capitalizations out of any company. As of 2023, in the most recent rankings released in the ''Fortune'' 500, ExxonMobil was ranked third, and twelfth on the ''Fortune'' Global 500. The company is furthermore the largest oil company headquartered in the Western world, and the largest of the Big Oil companies in both production and market value. Its reserves were 20 billion BOE at the end of 2016 and the 2007 rates of production were expected to last more than 14 years. With 21 oil refineries constituting a combined daily refining capacity of , ExxonMobil is the second largest oil refiner in the world, trailing only Sinopec. Approximately 55.56% of the company's shares are held by institutions, the largest of which as of 2019 were The Vanguard Group (8.15%), BlackRock (6.61%), and State Street Corporation (4.83%).
ExxonMobil has been widely criticized, mostly for environmental incidents and its history of climate change denial against the scientific consensus that fossil fuels significantly contribute to global warming. The company is responsible for many oil spills, the largest and most notable of which was the ''Exxon Valdez'' oil spill in Alaska and itself considered to be one of the world's worst oil spills in terms of damage to the environment. The company has also been the target of accusations of human rights violations, excessive influence on America's foreign policy, and its impact on various societies across the world.
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21by Ware, Jasmine V., Rode, Karyn D., Robbins, Charles T., Leise, Tanya, Weil, Colby R., Jansen, Heiko T.Contributors: “...Exxon Mobil Production Company...”
Published in Journal of Biological Rhythms (2020)
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22by Langangen, Øystein, Stige, Leif C., Yaragina, Natalia A., Ottersen, Geir, Vikebø, Frode B., Stenseth, Nils Chr.Contributors: “...ExxonMobil Upstream Research Company...”
Published in Progress in Oceanography (2014)
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23by Pollet, Ingrid L., Ronconi, Robert A., Jonsen, Ian. D., Leonard, Marty L., Taylor, Philip D., Shutler, DaveContributors: “...Exxon Mobil...”
Published in Journal of Avian Biology (2014)
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24by Olsen, G.H., Klok, C., Hendriks, A.J., Geraudie, P., De Hoop, L., De Laender, F., Farmen, E., Grøsvik, B.E., Hansen, B.H., Hjorth, M., Jansen, C.R., Nordtug, T., Ravagnan, E., Viaene, K., Carroll, J.Contributors: “...ExxonMobil Upstream Research Company...”
Published in Marine Environmental Research (2013)
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25by Carroll, JoLynn, Vikebø, Frode, Howell, Daniel, Broch, Ole Jacob, Nepstad, Raymond, Augustine, Starrlight, Skeie, Geir Morten, Bast, Radovan, Juselius, JonasContributors: “...ExxonMobil Upstream Research Company...”
Published in Marine Pollution Bulletin (2018)
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26by Chenin, Pauline, Jammes, Suzon, Lavier, Luc, Manatschal, Gianreto, Picazo, Suzanne, Müntener, Othmar, Karner, Garry, Figueredo, Patricio, Johnson, ChristopherContributors: “...ExxonMobil Exploration Company, Subsurface Characterization, Global Tectonics & Structure...”
Published in Tectonics (2019)
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27by Chenin, Pauline, Jammes, Suzon, Lavier, Luc, Manatschal, Gianreto, Picazo, Suzanne, Müntener, Othmar, Karner, Garry, Figueredo, Patricio, Johnson, ChristopherContributors: “...ExxonMobil Exploration Company, Subsurface Characterization, Global Tectonics & Structure...”
Published in Tectonics (2019)
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28by Chenin, Pauline, Jammes, Suzon, Lavier, Luc, L, Manatschal, Gianreto, Picazo, Suzanne, Müntener, Othmar, Karner, Garry, D., Figueredo, Patricio, H, Johnson, ChristopherContributors: “...ExxonMobil Exploration Company, Subsurface Characterization, Global Tectonics & Structure...”
Published in Tectonics (2019)
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29by De Hoop, Lisette, Broch, Ole Jacob, Hendriks, A. Jan, De Laender, FrederikContributors: “...ExxonMobilUpstream Research Company...”
Published in Marine Environmental Research (2016)
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30by Farmer, Jesse R., Sigman, Daniel M., Granger, Julie, Underwood, Ona M., Fripiat, François, Cronin, Thomas M., Martínez-García, Alfredo, Haug, Gerald H.Contributors: “...The Tuttle Fund of the Department of Geosciences of Princeton University, and from ExxonMobil...”
Published in Nature Geoscience (2021)
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31by Ai, Xuyuan E., Studer, Anja S., Sigman, Daniel M., Martínez-García, Alfredo, Fripiat, François, Thöle, Lena M., Michel, Elisabeth, Gottschalk, Julia, Arnold, Laura, Moretti, Simone, Schmitt, Mareike, Oleynik, Sergey, Jaccard, Samuel L., Haug, Gerald H.Contributors: “...ExxonMobil (through Princeton University Andlinger Center for Energy and the Environment...”
Published in Science (2020)
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33by Delsett, Lene Liebe, Roberts, Aubrey J., Druckenmiller, Patrick S., Hurum, Jørn H.Contributors: “...Exxon Mobil Norway...”
Published in PLOS ONE (2017)
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34by Hasenfratz, Adam P., Jaccard, Samuel L., Martínez-García, Alfredo, Sigman, Daniel M., Hodell, David A., Vance, Derek, Bernasconi, Stefano M., Kleiven, Helga (Kikki) F., Haumann, F. Alexander, Haug, Gerald H.Contributors: “...Exxon Mobil Corporation...”
Published in Science (2019)
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35by Chenin, Pauline, Schmalholz, Stefan Markus, Manatschal, Gianreto, Karner, GarryContributors: “...Now at ExxonMobil Exploration Company...”
Published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth (2018)
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36by Chenin, Pauline, Schmalholz, Stefan Markus, Manatschal, Gianreto, Karner, GarryContributors: “...Now at ExxonMobil Exploration Company...”
Published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth (2018)
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37by Chenin, Pauline, Schmalholz, Stefan Markus, Manatschal, Gianreto, Karner, Garry, D.Contributors: “...Now at ExxonMobil Exploration Company...”
Published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth (2018)
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38by Chenin, Pauline, Picazo, Suzanne, Jammes, Suzon, Manatschal, G., Müntener, Othmar, Karner, GarryContributors: “...Now at ExxonMobil Exploration Company...”
Published in Geological Society, London, Special Publications (2018)
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39by Chenin, Pauline, Picazo, Suzanne, Jammes, Suzon, Manatschal, G., Müntener, Othmar, Karner, GarryContributors: “...Now at ExxonMobil Exploration Company...”
Published in Geological Society, London, Special Publications (2018)
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40by Chenin, Pauline, Manatschal, Gianreto, Lavier, L.L., Erratt, DuncanContributors: “...CEIBA project (Exxon Mobil)...”
Published in Journal of the Geological Society (2015)
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