Environmental science
![Rachel Carson published her groundbreaking novel, ''Silent Spring'', in 1962, bringing the study of environmental science to the forefront of society.](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f4/Rachel-Carson.jpg)
Environmental studies incorporates more of the social sciences for understanding human relationships, perceptions and policies towards the environment. Environmental engineering focuses on design and technology for improving environmental quality in every aspect.
Environmental scientists seek to understand the earth's physical, chemical, biological, and geological processes, and to use that knowledge to understand how issues such as alternative energy systems, pollution control and mitigation, natural resource management, and the effects of global warming and climate change influence and affect the natural systems and processes of earth. Environmental issues almost always include an interaction of physical, chemical, and biological processes. Environmental scientists bring a systems approach to the analysis of environmental problems. Key elements of an effective environmental scientist include the ability to relate space, and time relationships as well as quantitative analysis.
Environmental science came alive as a substantive, active field of scientific investigation in the 1960s and 1970s driven by (a) the need for a multi-disciplinary approach to analyze complex environmental problems, (b) the arrival of substantive environmental laws requiring specific environmental protocols of investigation and (c) the growing public awareness of a need for action in addressing environmental problems. Events that spurred this development included the publication of Rachel Carson's landmark environmental book ''Silent Spring'' along with major environmental issues becoming very public, such as the 1969 Santa Barbara oil spill, and the Cuyahoga River of Cleveland, Ohio, "catching fire" (also in 1969), and helped increase the visibility of environmental issues and create this new field of study. Provided by Wikipedia
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281by Kolb, Jochen, Borst, Anouk Margaretha, Bell, Robin-Marie, Bartels, Alexander, Bohse, HenningContributors: “...University of St Andrews. Earth and Environmental Sciences...”
Published 2017
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282by Lode, Stefanie, Piercey, Stephen J., Cloutier, JonathanContributors: “...University of St Andrews. Earth and Environmental Sciences...”
Published in Journal of the Geological Society (2018)
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283by Cloutier, Jonathan, Piercey, Stephen J., Layne, Graham, Heslop, John, Hussey, Andrew, Piercey, GlennContributors: “...University of St Andrews. Earth and Environmental Sciences...”
Published in Economic Geology (2016)
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284by Lode, Stefanie, Piercey, Stephen J., Layne, Graham D., Piercey, Glenn, Cloutier, JonathanContributors: “...University of St Andrews. Earth and Environmental Sciences...”
Published in Mineralium Deposita (2017)
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285by Cockell, Charles S., Cousins, Claire Rachel, Wilkinson, Paul T., Olsson-Francis, Karen, Rozitis, BenContributors: “...University of St Andrews. Earth and Environmental Sciences...”
Published in International Journal of Astrobiology (2017)
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286by Cousins, Claire Rachel, Crawford, Ian, Carrivick, Jonathan, Gunn, Matthew, Harris, Jennifer, Kee, Terence, Karlsson, Magnus, Carmody, Laura, Cockell, Charles, Herschy, Barry, Joy, KatherineContributors: “...University of St Andrews. Earth and Environmental Sciences...”
Published in Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research (2016)
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287by O'Hora, HeidiContributors: “...Earth and Environmental Sciences, Department of...”
Published 2021
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288by Villani, Maëlle, Mauclet, Elisabeth, Agnan, Yannick, Edward A. G. Schuur, Opfergelt, SophieContributors: “...UCL - SST/ELI/ELIE - Environmental Sciences...”
Published 2021
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289Contributors: “...UCL - SST/ELI/ELIE - Environmental Sciences...”
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290Contributors: “...UCL - SST/ELI/ELIE - Environmental Sciences...”
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291Contributors: “...UCL - SST/ELI/ELIE - Environmental Sciences...”
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294Contributors: “...UCL - SST/ELI/ELIE - Environmental Sciences...”
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295by Bjorkman, Anne D., Myers-Smith, Isla H., Elmendorf, Sarah C., Normand, Signe, Thomas, Haydn J. D., Alatalo, Juha M., Alexander, Heather, Anadon-Rosell, Alba, Angers-Blondin, Sandra, Bai, Yang, Baruah, Gaurav, te Beest, Mariska, Berner, Logan, Björk, Robert G., Blok, Daan, Bruelheide, Helge, Buchwal, Agata, Buras, Allan, Carbognani, Michele, Christie, Katherine, Collier, Laura S., Cooper, Elisabeth J., Cornelissen, J. Hans C., Dickinson, Katharine J. M., Dullinger, Stefan, Elberling, Bo, Eskelinen, Anu, Forbes, Bruce C., Frei, Esther R., Iturrate-Garcia, Maitane, Good, Megan K., Grau, Oriol, Green, Peter, Greve, Michelle, Grogan, Paul, Haider, Sylvia, Hájek, Tomáš, Hallinger, Martin, Happonen, Konsta, Harper, Karen A., Heijmans, Monique M. P. D., Henry, Gregory H. R., Hermanutz, Luise, Hewitt, Rebecca E., Hollister, Robert D., Hudson, James, Hülber, Karl, Iversen, Colleen M., Jaroszynska, Francesca, Jiménez-Alfaro, Borja, Johnstone, Jill, Jorgensen, Rasmus Halfdan, Kaarlejärvi, Elina, Klady, Rebecca, Klimešová, Jitka, Korsten, Annika, Kuleza, Sara, Kulonen, Aino, Lamarque, Laurent J., Lantz, Trevor, Lavalle, Amanda, Lembrechts, Jonas J., Lévesque, Esther, Little, Chelsea J., Luoto, Miska, Macek, Petr, Mack, Michelle C., Mathakutha, Rabia, Michelsen, Anders, Milbau, Ann, Molau, Ulf, Morgan, John W., Mörsdorf, Martin Alfons, Nabe-Nielsen, Jacob, Nielsen, Sigrid Schøler, Ninot, Josep M., Oberbauer, Steven F., Olofsson, Johan, Onipchenko, Vladimir G., Petraglia, Alessandro, Pickering, Catherine, Prevéy, Janet S., Rixen, Christian, Rumpf, Sabine B., Schaepman-Strub, Gabriela, Semenchuk, Philipp, Shetti, Rohan, Soudzilovskaia, Nadejda A., Spasojevic, Marko J., Speed, James David Mervyn, Street, Lorna E., Suding, Katharine, Tape, Ken D., Tomaselli, Marcello, Trant, Andrew, Treier, Urs A., Tremblay, Jean-Pierre, Tremblay, Maxime, Venn, Susanna, Virkkala, Anna-Maria, Vowles, Tage, Weijers, Stef, Wilmking, Martin, Wipf, Sonja, Zamin, TaraContributors: “...Environmental Sciences...”
Published 2018
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296by Bjorkman, Anne D., Myers-Smith, Isla H., Elmendorf, Sarah C., Normand, Signe, Rüger, Nadja, Beck, Pieter S. A., Blach-Overgaard, Anne, Blok, Daan, Cornelissen, J. Hans C., Forbes, Bruce C., Georges, Damien, Goetz, Scott J., Guay, Kevin C., Henry, Gregory H. R., HilleRisLambers, Janneke, Hollister, Robert D., Karger, Dirk N., Kattge, Jens, Manning, Peter, Prevéy, Janet S., Rixen, Christian, Schaepman-Strub, Gabriela, Thomas, Haydn J. D., Vellend, Mark, Wilmking, Martin, Wipf, Sonja, Carbognani, Michele, Hermanutz, Luise, Lévesque, Esther, Molau, Ulf, Petraglia, Alessandro, Soudzilovskaia, Nadejda A., Spasojevic, Marko J., Tomaselli, Marcello, Vowles, Tage, Alatalo, Juha M., Alexander, Heather D., Anadon-Rosell, Alba, Angers-Blondin, Sandra, Beest, Mariska te, Berner, Logan, Björk, Robert G., Buchwal, Agata, Buras, Allan, Christie, Katherine, Cooper, Elisabeth J., Dullinger, Stefan, Elberling, Bo, Eskelinen, Anu, Frei, Esther R., Grau, Oriol, Grogan, Paul, Hallinger, Martin, Harper, Karen A., Heijmans, Monique M. P. D., Hudson, James, Hülber, Karl, Iturrate-Garcia, Maitane, Iversen, Colleen M., Jaroszynska, Francesca, Johnstone, Jill F., Jørgensen, Rasmus Halfdan, Kaarlejärvi, Elina, Klady, Rebecca, Kuleza, Sara, Kulonen, Aino, Lamarque, Laurent J., Lantz, Trevor, Little, Chelsea J., Speed, James D. M., Michelsen, Anders, Milbau, Ann, Nabe-Nielsen, Jacob, Nielsen, Sigrid Schøler, Ninot, Josep M., Oberbauer, Steven F., Olofsson, Johan, Onipchenko, Vladimir G., Rumpf, Sabine B., Semenchuk, Philipp, Shetti, Rohan, Collier, Laura Siegwart, Street, Lorna E., Suding, Katharine N., Tape, Ken D., Trant, Andrew, Treier, Urs A., Tremblay, Jean-Pierre, Tremblay, Maxime, Venn, Susanna, Weijers, Stef, Zamin, Tara, Boulanger-Lapointe, Noémie, Gould, William A., Hik, David S., Hofgaard, Annika, Jónsdóttir, Ingibjörg S., Jorgenson, Janet, Klein, Julia, Magnusson, Borgthor, Tweedie, Craig, Wookey, Philip A., Bahn, Michael, Blonder, Benjamin, van Bodegom, Peter M., Bond-Lamberty, Benjamin, Campetella, Giandiego, Cerabolini, Bruno E. L., Chapin, F. Stuart, Cornwell, William K., Craine, Joseph, Dainese, Matteo, de Vries, Franciska T., Díaz, Sandra, Enquist, Brian J., Green, Walton, Milla, Ruben, Niinemets, Ülo, Onoda, Yusuke, Ordoñez, Jenny C., Ozinga, Wim A., Penuelas, Josep, Poorter, Hendrik, Poschlod, Peter, Reich, Peter B., Sandel, Brody, Schamp, Brandon, Sheremetev, Serge, Weiher, EvanContributors: “...Environmental Sciences...”
Published 2018
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297by Tiainen, Joni Matias, Olin, Mikko Johannes, Lehtonen, Hannu Väinö Tapani, Nyberg, Kari Börje, Ruuhijärvi, JukkaContributors: “...Environmental Sciences...”
Published 2017
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298by Olin, Mikko Johannes, Tiainen, Joni Matias, Rask, Martti, Vinni, Mika Tapio, Nyberg, Kari Börje, Lehtonen, Hannu Väinö TapaniContributors: “...Environmental Sciences...”
Published 2017
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299by Whitlock, Rebecca, Mäntyniemi, Samu, Palm, Stefan, Koljonen, Marja-Liisa, Dannewitz, Johan, Östergren, JohanContributors: “...Environmental Sciences...”
Published in Methods in Ecology and Evolution (2018)
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300by Kuparinen, Anna, Hutchings, Jeffrey A., Waples, Robin S.Contributors: “...Environmental Sciences...”
Published in Evolutionary Applications (2016)
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