Copenhagen
Copenhagen ( ) is the capital and most populous city of Denmark, with a population of 1.4 million in the urban area. The city is situated on the islands of Zealand and Amager, separated from Malmö, Sweden, by the Øresund strait. The Øresund Bridge connects the two cities by rail and road.Originally a Viking fishing village established in the 10th century in the vicinity of what is now Gammel Strand, Copenhagen became the capital of Denmark in the early 15th century. During the 16th century, the city served as the ''de facto'' capital of the Kalmar Union and the seat of the Union's monarchy, which governed most of the modern-day Nordic region as part of a Danish confederation with Sweden and Norway. The city flourished as the cultural and economic centre of Scandinavia during the Renaissance, and by the 17th century, it had become a regional centre of power, serving as the heart of the Danish government and military. During the 18th century, Copenhagen suffered from a devastating plague outbreak and urban conflagrations, and proceeded to undergo several major redevelopment efforts, which included the construction of the prestigious district of Frederiksstaden and the establishment of cultural institutions such as the Royal Theatre and the Royal Academy of Fine Arts. The city also became the centre of the Danish slave trade during this period. In 1807, the city was bombarded by a British fleet during the Napoleonic Wars, before the Danish Golden Age brought a Neoclassical look to Copenhagen's architecture. After World War II, the Finger Plan fostered the development of housing and businesses along the five urban railway routes emanating from the city centre.
Since the turn of the 21st century, Copenhagen has seen strong urban and cultural development, facilitated by investment in its institutions and infrastructure. The city is the cultural, economic and governmental centre of Denmark; it is one of the major financial centres of Northern Europe with the Copenhagen Stock Exchange. Copenhagen's economy has developed rapidly in the service sector, especially through initiatives in information technology, pharmaceuticals and clean technology. Since the completion of the Øresund Bridge, Copenhagen has increasingly integrated with the Swedish province of Scania and its largest city, Malmö, forming the Øresund Region. With several bridges connecting the various districts, the cityscape is characterised by parks, promenades, and waterfronts. Copenhagen's landmarks such as Tivoli Gardens, ''The Little Mermaid'' statue, the Amalienborg and Christiansborg palaces, Rosenborg Castle, Frederik's Church, Børsen and many museums, restaurants and nightclubs are significant tourist attractions.
Copenhagen is home to the University of Copenhagen, the Technical University of Denmark, Copenhagen Business School, and the IT University of Copenhagen. The University of Copenhagen, founded in 1479, is the oldest university in Denmark. Copenhagen is home to the football clubs F.C. Copenhagen and Brøndby IF. The annual Copenhagen Marathon was established in 1980. Copenhagen is one of the most bicycle-friendly cities in the world. Movia is the public mass transit company serving all of eastern Denmark, except Bornholm. The Copenhagen Metro, launched in 2002, serves central Copenhagen. Additionally, the Copenhagen S-train, the Lokaltog (private railway), and the Coast Line network serve and connect central Copenhagen to outlying boroughs. Serving roughly 2.5 million passengers a month, Copenhagen Airport, Kastrup, is the busiest airport in the Nordic countries.
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24by Stotz, I. L., Tassara, A., Iaffaldano, G., Tassara, A.; 2 Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas Departamento Ciencias de la Tierra Universidad de Concepcion Concepcion Chile, Iaffaldano, G.; 3 Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management University of Copenhagen Copenhagen DenmarkGet access
Published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth (2021)
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25by Andreas Plach (Department of Meteorology and Geophysics, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Geography and Astronomy, University of Vienna), Bo M. Vinther (Centre for Ice and Climate, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen), Kerim H. Nisancioglu (Department of Meteorology and Geophysics, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Geography and Astronomy, University of Vienna), Sindhu Vudayagiri (Centre for Ice and Climate, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen), Thomas Blunier (Centre for Ice and Climate, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen)Get access
Published in Climate of the Past (2021)
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27by Marianne Koranda (Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, University of Vienna), Anders Michelsen (Terrestrial Ecology Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen)Get access
Published in Journal of Ecology (2020)
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29by Peter Kuhry (Department of Physical Geography, Stockholm University), Jiří Bárta (Department of Ecosystem Biology, University of South Bohemia), Daan Blok (Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University), Bo Elberling (Center for Permafrost (CENPERM), Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen), Samuel Faucherre (Center for Permafrost (CENPERM), Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen), Gustaf Hugelius (Department of Physical Geography, Stockholm University), Christian J. Jørgensen (Center for Permafrost (CENPERM), Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen), Andreas Richter (Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, University of Vienna), Hana Šantrůčková (Department of Ecosystem Biology, University of South Bohemia), Niels Weiss (Department of Physical Geography, Stockholm University)Get access
Published in Biogeosciences (2020)
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30by Anders Svensson, Dorthe Dahl-Jensen, Physics of Ice, Climate, Earth, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark, Thomas Blunier, Sune O. Rasmussen, Bo M. Vinther, Paul Vallelonga, Emilie Capron, Vasileios Gkinis, Eliza Cook, Helle Astrid Kjær, Raimund Muscheler, Sepp Kipfstuhl, Frank Wilhelms, Thomas F. Stocker, Hubertus Fischer, Florian Adolphi, Tobias Erhardt, Michael Sigl, Amaelle Landais, Frédéric Parrenin, Christo Buizert, Joseph R. McConnell, Mirko Severi, Robert Mulvaney, Matthias BiglerGet access
Published in Climate of the Past (2020)
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31by Ehrencron-Müller, H. (Holger), 1868-1953., Nielsen, Lauritz Martin, 1881-1947., Ruschke, Theod., -1906., Bruun, C. (Christian), 1831-1906., Carlsbergfondet (Copenhagen, Denmark), Samfundet til den danske literaturs fremme., Kongelige Danske videnskabernes selskab., Karen Brahes bibliotek, Odense, Denmark., Københavns universitet. Universitetsbiblioteket., Kongelige Bibliotek (Denmark)Get access
Published 1877
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32by Ulla Timlin (Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu), Jón Haukur Ingimundarson (Stefansson Arctic Institute), Leneisja Jungsberg (Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, Copenhagen University), Sofia Kauppila (Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu), Joan Nymand Larsen (Stefansson Arctic Institute), Tanja Nordström (Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu), Johanna Scheer (Department of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark), Peter Schweitzer (University of Vienna), Arja Rautio (University of Arctic)Get access
Published in Heliyon (2021)
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33by Christmann, Julia, Helm, Veit, Khan, Shfaqat Abbas, Kleiner, Thomas, Müller, Ralf, Morlighem, Mathieu, Neckel, Niklas, Rückamp, Martin, Steinhage, Daniel, Zeising, Ole, Humbert, Angelika, Institute of Applied Mechanics, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany, Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven, Germany, Department of Geodesy and Earth Observations, National Space Institute, Technical University of Denmark, DTU Space, Copenhagen, Denmark, Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, USA, Department of Geosciences, University of Bremen, Bremen, GermanyGet access
Published in Communications Earth & Environment (2021)
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34by C. Elsässer (Institut für Umweltphysik, University of Heidelberg), D. Wagenbach (Institut für Umweltphysik, University of Heidelberg), I. Levin (Institut für Umweltphysik, University of Heidelberg), A. Stanzick (Institut für Umweltphysik, University of Heidelberg), M. Christl (Laboratory for Ion Beam Physics, ETH Zurich), A. Wallner (Isotope Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna), S. Kipfstuhl (Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research), I. K. Seierstad (Centre for Ice and Climate, University of Copenhagen), H. Wershofen (Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Germany), J. Dibb (Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans, and Space, University of New Hampshire)Get access
Published in Climate of the Past (2015)
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35by Karlsson, Nanna B., Schroeder, Dustin, Sorensen, Louise Sandberg, Chu, Winnie, Dall, Jorgen, Andersen, Natalia H., Dobson, Reese, Mackie, Emma J., Kohn, Simon J., Steinmetz, Jillian E., Tarzona, Angelo S., Teisberg, Thomas, Skou, Niels, Department of Glaciology and Climate, Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, Copenhagen, Denmark, Department of Geophysics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA, Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 9430, USA, DTU Space, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark, School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA, Department of Geological Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, USAGet access
Published 2023
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36by Philipp R Semenchuk (Institute for Arctic and Marine Biology, Faculty for Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT—The Arctic University of Norway), Mark A K Gillespie (Institute for Arctic and Marine Biology, Faculty for Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT—The Arctic University of Norway), Sabine B Rumpf (Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna), Nanna Baggesen (Institute for Arctic and Marine Biology, Faculty for Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT—The Arctic University of Norway), Bo Elberling (Center for Permafrost (CENPERM), Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen), Elisabeth J Cooper (Institute for Arctic and Marine Biology, Faculty for Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT—The Arctic University of Norway)Get access
Published in Environmental Research Letters (2016)
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37by Buchwal, Agata (Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań), Sullivan, Patrick F. (University of Alaska Anchorage), Macias-Fauria, Marc (University of Oxford), Post, Eric (University of California, Davis), Myers-Smith, Isla H. (University of Edinburgh), Stroeve, Julienne C. (University of Manitoba), Blok, Daan (Dutch Research Council), Tape, Ken D. (University of Alaska Fairbanks), Forbes, Bruce C. (University of Lapland), Ropars, Pascale (Université du Québec à Rimouski), Lévesque, Esther (Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières), Elberling, Bo (University of Copenhagen), Angers-Blondin, Sandra (University of Edinburgh), Boyle, Joseph S. (University of Edinburgh), Boudreau, Stéphane (Université Laval), Boulanger-Lapointe, Noémie (University of British Columbia), Gamm, Cassandra (University of Alaska Anchorage), Hallinger, Martin (Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences), Rachlewicz, Grzegorz (Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań), Young, Amanda (University of Alaska Fairbanks), Zetterberg, Pentti (University of Eastern Finland), Welker, Jeffrey M. (University of Oulu)Get access
Published 2020
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38by Buchwal, Agata,Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Sullivan, Patrick F.,University of Alaska Anchorage, Macias-Fauria, Marc,University of Oxford, Post, Eric,University of California, Davis, Myers-Smith, Isla H.,University of Edinburgh, Stroeve, Julienne C.,University of Manitoba, Blok, Daan,Dutch Research Council*, Tape, Ken D.,University of Alaska Fairbanks, Forbes, Bruce C.,University of Lapland, Ropars, Pascale,Université du Québec à Rimouski, Lévesque, Esther,Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Elberling, Bo,University of Copenhagen, Angers-Blondin, Sandra,University of Edinburgh, Boyle, Joseph S.,University of Edinburgh, Boudreau, Stéphane,Université Laval, Boulanger-Lapointe, Noémie,University of British Columbia, Gamm, Cassandra,University of Alaska Anchorage, Hallinger, Martin,Swedish Agricultural University*, Rachlewicz, Grzegorz,Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Young, Amanda,University of Alaska Fairbanks, Zetterberg, Pentti,University of Eastern Finland, Welker, Jeffrey M.,University of OuluGet access
Published 2020
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39by Helgi Jónsson, 1867-1925. http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/nr96001199, Nielsen, Jane Christian, 1881-1918., Feilberg, Peter Berendt., Patursson, Gazet., Dahlstedt, Hugo, 1856- http://viaf.org/viaf/40160528, Branth, Jacob Severin Deichmann, 1831-1917., Rostrup, E. (Emil), 1831-1907 http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/nr2006013341 http://viaf.org/viaf/12293334, Østrup, Ernst Vilhelm, 1845-1917., Börgesen, Fredrik, 1866-, Jensen, Christian, 1857- http://viaf.org/viaf/35225381, Ostenfeld, C. H. (Carl Hansen), 1873-1931 http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/nr95044726 http://viaf.org/viaf/74779499, Warming, Eugenius, 1841-1924 http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n85189550 http://viaf.org/viaf/39438419, Carlsbergfondet (Copenhagen, Denmark) http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n82258338 http://viaf.org/viaf/193753949Get access
Published 1901
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40by European Values Study Group, Riffault, H., Faits et Opinions * Paris, France, Barker, D., Harding, S., Heald, G., Timms, N., Gallup Poll * London, Great Britain, Kocher, R., Institut fuer Demoskopie * Allensbach am Bodensee, West Germany, Capraro, G., Gubert, R., University of Trento * Italy, Orizo, F., Elzo, J., Data SA * Madrid, Spain, Franca, L. de, Euro Exansao SA * Lisbon, Portugal, Halman, L., Heunks, F.J., Moor, R.A. de, Institute for Social Research, IVA * Tilburg, the Netherlands, Dobbelaere, K., Kerkhofs, J., Dimarso * Brussels, Belgium, Gundelach, P., Riis, O., Danish National Institute of Social Research * Copenhagen, Denmark, Listhaug, O., Norwegian Central Bureau of Statistics * Oslo, Norway, Pettersson, T., SIFO * Stockholm, Sweden, Kennedy, K., Whelan, C., Economic and Social Research Institute * Dublin, Ireland, Inglehart, R., Gallup organization inc. * USA, Nevitte, N., Gallup Canada * Canada, Jonsson, F., University of Iceland * Iceland (primary investigator)Contributors: “..., BelgiumDanish National Institute of Social Research * Copenhagen, DenmarkNorwegian Central Bureau of Statistics...”
Published 1990
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