China
China,}} officially the '''People's Republic of China (PRC'''),}} is a country in East Asia. With a population exceeding 1.4 billion, it is the world's second-most populous country after India, representing 17.4% of the world population. China spans the equivalent of five time zones and borders fourteen countries by land. With an area of nearly , it is the third-largest country by total land area. # The CIA ''World Factbook'' lists China as the fourth-largest country (after Russia, Canada and the United States) with a total area of 9,596,960 km2, and the United States as the third-largest at 9,833,517 km2.Both sources exclude both Taiwan and coastal and territorial waters from the area of China. However, the CIA ''World Factbook'' includes the United States coastal and territorial waters, while Encyclopædia Britannica excludes them.
Notably, the ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' specifies the United States' area (excluding coastal and territorial waters) as 9,525,067 km2, which is less than either source's figure given for China's area. Therefore, it is unclear which country has a larger area including coastal and territorial waters.
The United Nations Statistics Division's figure for the United States is and China is . These closely match the CIA ''World Factbook'' figures and similarly ''include'' coastal and territorial waters for the United States, but ''exclude'' coastal and territorial waters for China.}} The country is divided into 33 province-level divisions: 22 provinces,.}} five autonomous regions, four municipalities, and two semi-autonomous special administrative regions. Beijing is the country's capital, while Shanghai is its most populous city by urban area and largest financial center.
China is considered one of the cradles of civilization: the first human inhabitants in the region arrived during the Paleolithic; by the late second millennium BCE, the earliest dynastic states had emerged in the Yellow River basin. The eighth to third centuries BCE saw a breakdown in the authority of the Zhou dynasty, accompanied by the emergence of administrative and military techniques, literature, philosophy, and historiography. In 221 BCE, China was unified under an emperor for the first time. Appointed non-hereditary officials began ruling counties instead of the aristocracy, ushering in more than two millennia of imperial dynasties including the Qin, Han, Tang, Yuan, Ming, and Qing. With the invention of gunpowder and paper, the establishment of the Silk Road, and the building of the Great Wall, Chinese culture—including languages, traditions, architecture, philosophy and technology—flourished and has heavily influenced both its neighbors and lands further afield. However, China began to cede parts of the country in the late 19th century to various European powers by a series of unequal treaties.
After decades of struggle, the 1911 Revolution resulted in the overthrow of the monarchy and the establishment of the Republic of China (ROC) the following year. The country under the nascent Beiyang government was unstable and ultimately fragmented during the Warlord Era, which was ended upon the Northern Expedition conducted by the Kuomintang (KMT) to reunify the country. The Chinese Civil War began in 1927, when KMT forces purged members of the rival Chinese Communist Party (CCP), who proceeded to engage in sporadic fighting against the KMT-led Nationalist government. Following the country's invasion by the Empire of Japan in 1937, the KMT and CCP temporarily agreed to a truce in favor of a united front against the Japanese. The Second Sino-Japanese War eventually ended in a Chinese victory; however, atrocities such as the Nanjing Massacre had a lasting impact on the country. The end of war with Japan in 1945 was quickly followed by a resumption of hostilities between the KMT and CCP. In 1949, the resurgent Communists established control over most of the country, proclaiming the People's Republic of China and forcing the Nationalist government to retreat to the island of Taiwan. The country was split, with both sides claiming to be the sole legitimate government of China. Following the implementation of land reforms, further attempts by the PRC to realize communism failed: the Great Leap Forward was largely responsible for the Great Chinese Famine that ended with millions of Chinese people having died, and the subsequent Cultural Revolution was a period of social turmoil and persecution characterized by Maoist populism. Following the Sino-Soviet split, the Shanghai Communiqué in 1972 would precipitate the normalization of relations with the United States. Economic reforms that began in 1978 led by reformists within the CCP moved the country away from a socialist planned economy towards an increasingly capitalist market economy, spurring significant economic growth. The corresponding movement for increased democracy and liberalization stalled after the Tiananmen Square protests and massacre in 1989.
China is a unitary one-party socialist republic led by the CCP. It is one of the five permanent members of the UN Security Council; the UN representative for China was changed from the ROC to the PRC in 1971. It is a founding member of several multilateral and regional organizations such as the AIIB, the Silk Road Fund, the New Development Bank, and the RCEP. It is a member of the BRICS, the G20, APEC, the SCO, and the East Asia Summit. Making up around one-fifth of the world economy, the Chinese economy is the world's largest economy by GDP at purchasing power parity, the second-largest economy by nominal GDP, and the second-wealthiest country, albeit ranking poorly in measures of democracy, human rights and religious freedom. The country has been one of the fastest-growing major economies and is the world's largest manufacturer and exporter, as well as the second-largest importer. China is a nuclear-weapon state with the world's largest standing army by military personnel and the second-largest defense budget. It is a great power and a regional power, and has been described as an emerging superpower. China is known for its cuisine and culture, and has 59 UNESCO World Heritage Sites, the second-highest number of any country.
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361by Chen, Qianjie, Mirrielees, Jessica A., Thanekar, Sham, Loeb, Nicole A., Kirpes, Rachel M., Upchurch, Lucia M., Barget, Anna J., Lata, Nurun Nahar, Raso, Angela R. W., McNamara, Stephen M., China, Swarup, Quinn, Patricia K., Ault, Andrew P., Kennedy, Aaron, Shepson, Paul B., Fuentes, Jose D., Pratt, Kerri A.Get access
Published in Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (2022)
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362by Chen, Qianjie, Mirrielees, Jessica A., Thanekar, Sham, Loeb, Nicole A., Kirpes, Rachel M., Upchurch, Lucia M., Barget, Anna J., Lata, Nurun Nahar, Raso, Angela W., McNamara, Stephen M., China, Swarup, Quinn, Patricia K., Ault, Andrew P., Kennedy, Aaron, Shepson, Paul B., Fuentes, Jose D., Pratt, Kerri A.Get access
Published in Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (2023)
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363by Chen, Qianjie, Mirrielees, Jessica A., Thanekar, Sham, Loeb, Nicole A., Kirpes, Rachel M., Upchurch, Lucia M., Barget, Anna J., Lata, Nurun Nahar, Raso, Angela W., McNamara, Stephen M., China, Swarup, Quinn, Patricia K., Ault, Andrew P., Kennedy, Aaron, Shepson, Paul B., Fuentes, Jose D., Pratt, Kerri A.Get access
Published in Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (2023)
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364by Narayan, Gita R., Reymond, Claire E., Stuhr, Marleen, Doo, Steve, Schmidt, Christiane, Mann, Thomas, Westphal, Hildegard, Mateu‐Vicens, Guillem, Narayan, Gita R.; 1The University of Victoria Victoria BC V8P 5C2 Canada, Reymond, Claire E.; 2China University of Geosciences No. 388 Lumo Road Wuhan China, Stuhr, Marleen; 3Leibniz Centre for Tropical Marine Research (ZMT) Fahrenheitstr. 6 Bremen 28359 Germany, Doo, Steve; 3Leibniz Centre for Tropical Marine Research (ZMT) Fahrenheitstr. 6 Bremen 28359 Germany, Schmidt, Christiane; 3Leibniz Centre for Tropical Marine Research (ZMT) Fahrenheitstr. 6 Bremen 28359 Germany, Mann, Thomas; 3Leibniz Centre for Tropical Marine Research (ZMT) Fahrenheitstr. 6 Bremen 28359 Germany, Westphal, Hildegard; 3Leibniz Centre for Tropical Marine Research (ZMT) Fahrenheitstr. 6 Bremen 28359 GermanyGet access
Published in Sedimentology (2021)
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365by Gao, Kunshan, 高坤山, Ruan, Zuoxi(Shantou Univ, Inst Marine Biol, Ctr Sci, Shantou, Peoples R China), Villafane, Virginia E.( Consejo Nacl Invest Cient & Tecn, RA-1033 Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina), Gattuso, Jean-Pierre(CNRS, Lab Oceanog Villefranche, Villefranche Sur Mer, France), Helbling, E. Walter( Consejo Nacl Invest Cient & Tecn, RA-1033 Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina)Get access
Published 2009
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366by Zhong, J., Xie, L., Zhang, H., Li, J. X., Pu, Z. Y., Nowada, M., Wang, X. D., Wang, X. Y., Parks, G. K., Zong, Q. G., Fu, S. Y., Guo, R. L., Yao, Z. H., Zhang, X. G., Reme, H., Wang, S. J., Zhong, J (reprint author), Peking Univ, Sch Earth & Space Sci, Beijing 100871, Peoples R China.Get access
Published 2013
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367by Li, Guangyu, Wilbourn, Elise, Cheng, Zezhen, Wieder, Jörg, id_orcid:0 000-0003-2858-686X, Fagerson, Allison, Henneberger, Jan, id_orcid:0 000-0001-6979-3174, Motos, Ghislain, Traversi, Rita, Brooks, Sarah D., Mazzola, Mauro, China, Swarup, Nenes, Athanasios, Lohmann, Ulrike, id_orcid:0 000-0001-8885-3785, Hiranuma, Naruki, Kanji, Zamin A, id_orcid:0 000-0001-8610-3921Get access
Published 2023
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368by Li, Guangyu, Wilbourn, Elise K., Cheng, Zezhen, Wieder, Jörg, id_orcid:0 000-0003-2858-686X, Fagerson, Allison, Henneberger, Jan, id_orcid:0 000-0001-6979-3174, Motos, Ghislain, Traversi, Rita, Brooks, Sarah D., Mazzola, Mauro, China, Swarup, Nenes, Athanasios, Lohmann, Ulrike, id_orcid:0 000-0001-8885-3785, Hiranuma, Naruki, Kanji, Zamin A, id_orcid:0 000-0001-8610-3921Get access
Published 2023
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369by Chen, Huai, Zhu, Qiuan, Peng, Changhui, Wu, Ning, Wang, Yanfen, Fang, Xiuqing, Gao, Yongheng, Zhu, Dan, Yang, Gang, Tian, Jianqing, Kang, Xiaoming, Piao, Shilong, Ouyang, Hua, Xiang, Wenhua, Luo, Zhibin, Jiang, Hong, Song, Xingzhang, Zhang, Yao, Yu, Guirui, Zhao, Xinquan, Gong, Peng, Yao, Tandong, Wu, Jianghua, Peng, CH (reprint author), Northwest Agr & Forest Univ, Lab Ecol Forecasting & Global Change, Coll Forestry, Yangling 712100, Peoples R China.Get access
Published 2013
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370by Chen, Huai, Zhu, Qiuan, Peng, Changhui, Wu, Ning, Wang, Yanfen, Fang, Xiuqing, Gao, Yongheng, Zhu, Dan, Yang, Gang, Tian, Jianqing, Kang, Xiaoming, Piao, Shilong, Ouyang, Hua, Xiang, Wenhua, Luo, Zhibin, Jiang, Hong, Song, Xingzhang, Zhang, Yao, Yu, Guirui, Zhao, Xinquan, Gong, Peng, Yao, Tandong, Wu, Jianghua, Peng, CH (reprint author), Northwest Agr & Forest Univ, Lab Ecol Forecasting & Global Change, Coll Forestry, Yangling 712100, Peoples R China.Get access
Published 2013
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371by Chen, Huai, Zhu, Qiuan, Peng, Changhui, Wu, Ning, Wang, Yanfen, Fang, Xiuqing, Gao, Yongheng, Zhu, Dan, Yang, Gang, Tian, Jianqing, Kang, Xiaoming, Piao, Shilong, Ouyang, Hua, Xiang, Wenhua, Luo, Zhibin, Jiang, Hong, Song, Xingzhang, Zhang, Yao, Yu, Guirui, Zhao, Xinquan, Gong, Peng, Yao, Tandong, Wu, Jianghua, Peng, CH (reprint author), Northwest Agr & Forest Univ, Lab Ecol Forecasting & Global Change, Coll Forestry, Yangling 712100, Peoples R China.Get access
Published 2013
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372by Chen, Huai, Zhu, Qiuan, Peng, Changhui, Wu, Ning, Wang, Yanfen, Fang, Xiuqing, Gao, Yongheng, Zhu, Dan, Yang, Gang, Tian, Jianqing, Kang, Xiaoming, Piao, Shilong, Ouyang, Hua, Xiang, Wenhua, Luo, Zhibin, Jiang, Hong, Song, Xingzhang, Zhang, Yao, Yu, Guirui, Zhao, Xinquan, Gong, Peng, Yao, Tandong, Wu, Jianghua, Peng, CH (reprint author), Northwest Agr & Forest Univ, Lab Ecol Forecasting & Global Change, Coll Forestry, Yangling 712100, Peoples R China.Get access
Published 2013
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373by Chen, Huai, Zhu, Qiuan, Peng, Changhui, Wu, Ning, Wang, Yanfen, Fang, Xiuqing, Gao, Yongheng, Zhu, Dan, Yang, Gang, Tian, Jianqing, Kang, Xiaoming, Piao, Shilong, Ouyang, Hua, Xiang, Wenhua, Luo, Zhibin, Jiang, Hong, Song, Xingzhang, Zhang, Yao, Yu, Guirui, Zhao, Xinquan, Gong, Peng, Yao, Tandong, Wu, Jianghua, Peng, CH (reprint author), Northwest Agr & Forest Univ, Lab Ecol Forecasting & Global Change, Coll Forestry, Yangling 712100, Peoples R China.Get access
Published 2013
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374by Chen, Huai, Zhu, Qiuan, Peng, Changhui, Wu, Ning, Wang, Yanfen, Fang, Xiuqing, Gao, Yongheng, Zhu, Dan, Yang, Gang, Tian, Jianqing, Kang, Xiaoming, Piao, Shilong, Ouyang, Hua, Xiang, Wenhua, Luo, Zhibin, Jiang, Hong, Song, Xingzhang, Zhang, Yao, Yu, Guirui, Zhao, Xinquan, Gong, Peng, Yao, Tandong, Wu, Jianghua, Peng, CH (reprint author), Northwest Agr & Forest Univ, Lab Ecol Forecasting & Global Change, Coll Forestry, Yangling 712100, Peoples R China.Get access
Published 2013
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375by Chen, Huai, Zhu, Qiuan, Peng, Changhui, Wu, Ning, Wang, Yanfen, Fang, Xiuqing, Gao, Yongheng, Zhu, Dan, Yang, Gang, Tian, Jianqing, Kang, Xiaoming, Piao, Shilong, Ouyang, Hua, Xiang, Wenhua, Luo, Zhibin, Jiang, Hong, Song, Xingzhang, Zhang, Yao, Yu, Guirui, Zhao, Xinquan, Gong, Peng, Yao, Tandong, Wu, Jianghua, Peng, CH (reprint author), Northwest Agr & Forest Univ, Lab Ecol Forecasting & Global Change, Coll Forestry, Yangling 712100, Peoples R China.Get access
Published 2013
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376by Chen, Huai, Zhu, Qiuan, Peng, Changhui, Wu, Ning, Wang, Yanfen, Fang, Xiuqing, Gao, Yongheng, Zhu, Dan, Yang, Gang, Tian, Jianqing, Kang, Xiaoming, Piao, Shilong, Ouyang, Hua, Xiang, Wenhua, Luo, Zhibin, Jiang, Hong, Song, Xingzhang, Zhang, Yao, Yu, Guirui, Zhao, Xinquan, Gong, Peng, Yao, Tandong, Wu, Jianghua, Peng, CH (reprint author), Northwest Agr & Forest Univ, Lab Ecol Forecasting & Global Change, Coll Forestry, Yangling 712100, Peoples R China.Get access
Published 2013
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377by Chen, Huai, Zhu, Qiuan, Peng, Changhui, Wu, Ning, Wang, Yanfen, Fang, Xiuqing, Gao, Yongheng, Zhu, Dan, Yang, Gang, Tian, Jianqing, Kang, Xiaoming, Piao, Shilong, Ouyang, Hua, Xiang, Wenhua, Luo, Zhibin, Jiang, Hong, Song, Xingzhang, Zhang, Yao, Yu, Guirui, Zhao, Xinquan, Gong, Peng, Yao, Tandong, Wu, Jianghua, Peng, CH (reprint author), Northwest Agr & Forest Univ, Lab Ecol Forecasting & Global Change, Coll Forestry, Yangling 712100, Peoples R China.Get access
Published 2013
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378by Chen, Huai, Zhu, Qiuan, Peng, Changhui, Wu, Ning, Wang, Yanfen, Fang, Xiuqing, Gao, Yongheng, Zhu, Dan, Yang, Gang, Tian, Jianqing, Kang, Xiaoming, Piao, Shilong, Ouyang, Hua, Xiang, Wenhua, Luo, Zhibin, Jiang, Hong, Song, Xingzhang, Zhang, Yao, Yu, Guirui, Zhao, Xinquan, Gong, Peng, Yao, Tandong, Wu, Jianghua, Peng, CH (reprint author), Northwest Agr & Forest Univ, Lab Ecol Forecasting & Global Change, Coll Forestry, Yangling 712100, Peoples R China.Get access
Published 2013
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379by China A. Hanson (School of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Newcastle University), Albert L. Müller (Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, University of Vienna), Alexander Loy (Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, University of Vienna), Clelia Dona (School of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Newcastle University), Ramona Appel (Department of Microbiology, Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology), Bo Barker Jørgensen (Center for Geomicrobiology, Aarhus University), Casey R. J. Hubert (School of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Newcastle University)Get access
Published in Frontiers in Microbiology (2019)
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380by INTERMAGNET, Altay-Sayan Branch of Geophysical Survey of Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences (Russia), Bureau Central de Magnétisme Terrestre, BCMT (France), Beijing Ming Tombs Geomagnetic Observatory Center, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (China), Bogaziçi University, Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Institute (Turkey), British Antarctic Survey (United Kingdom), British Geological Survey (United Kingdom), Centre de Recherche en Astronomie Astrophysique et Géophysique (Algeria), Department of Geophysics, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb (Croatia), Dirección Meteorológica de Chile (Chile), École et Observatoire des Sciences de la Terre (France), Finnish Meteorological Institute (Finland), Fundació Observatori de l'Ebre (Spain), Geodetic and Geophysical Research Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (Hungary), Geological and Geophysical Institute of Hungary (Hungary), Geological Institute of Romania (Romania), Geological Survey of Sweden (Sweden), Geophysical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Russia), Geophysical Institute of Slovak Academy of Sciences, Geophysical Institute of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (Bulagaria), Geoscience Australia (Australia), GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences (Germany), Government of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, Halliburton Sperry Drilling (United States of America), Indian Institute of Geomagnetism (India), Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (France), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (France), Institut Polaire Français Paul Émile Victor (France), Institute of Cosmophysical Researches and Radio Wave Propagation FEB RAS (Russia), Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (China), Institute of Geophysics of the Vietnamese Academy of Science and Technology (Vietnam), Institute of Geophysics, Academy of Sciences of Czech Republic (Czech Republic), Institute of Geophysics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (Ukraine), Institute of Geophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences (Poland), Institute of Geophysics, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Russia), Institute of Solar-Terrestrial Physics of Siberian Division of Russian Academy of Science (Russia), Institute of the Ionosphere, National Center of Space Researches and Technologies (Kazakhstan), Instituto Geofísico del Perú (Peru), Instituto Geográfico Nacional (Spain), Irish Meteorological Service (Ireland), Japan Meteorological Agency (Japan), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (Germany), Korea Meteorological Administration (South Korea), Lanzhou Institute of Seismology of the China Earthquake Administration (China), Ludwig Maximilians University Munich (Germany), National Antarctic Scientific Center, Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine (Ukraine), National Geophysical Research Institute (India), National Meteorological Service of Argentina (Argentina), National Space Institute, Technical University of Denmark (Denmark), Natural Resources of Canada / Geological Survey of Canada (Canada)Get access
Published 2022
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