Brown bear
Middle Pleistocene-Holocene | image=2010-kodiak-bear-1.jpg | image_caption=Kodiak bear on Kodiak Island | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = | status2 = CITES_A2 | status2_system = CITES | status2_ref = | genus = Ursus | species = arctos | authority = Linnaeus, 1758 | subdivision_ranks = Subspecies | subdivision = 15, see text and article | range_map = Ursus arctos range map.svg | range_map_caption = Brown bear range map }}
The brown bear (''Ursus arctos'') is a large bear native to Eurasia and North America. It is one of the largest land carnivorans, rivaled in size only by its closest relative, the polar bear, which is much less variable in size and slightly bigger on average. The brown bear is a sexually dimorphic species, as adult males are larger and more compactly built than females. The pelage ranges from reddish to yellowish-brown, and dark brown to cream in color. The only extant bear with a hump formed entirely of muscle on its shoulders, the brown bear uses these muscles, as well its large paws to effectively dig through dirt. Its teeth are similar to those of other bears and reflect its dietary plasticity.
Throughout the brown bear's range, it inhabits mainly forested habitats in elevations of up to . It is omnivorous, and consumes a variety of plant and animal species. Contrary to popular belief, the brown bear derives 90% of its diet from plants. When hunting, it will target animals as small as rodents, to those as large as moose or muskoxen. In parts of coastal Alaska, brown bears predominately feed on spawning salmon that come near shore to lay their eggs. For most of the year, it is a solitary animal that only associates when mating or raising cubs. Females give birth to an average of one to three cubs that remain with their mother for 1.5 to 4.5 years. It is a long lived animal, with an average lifespan of 25 years in the wild. Relative to its body size, the brown bear has an exceptionally large brain for a land carnivore. This large brain allows for high cognitive abilities, such as tool use. Attacks on humans, though widely reported, are generally rare.
While the brown bear's range has shrunk, and it has faced local extinctions across its wide range, it remains listed as a least concern species by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) with a total estimated population in 2017 of 110,000. Populations that were hunted to extinction in the 19th and 20th centuries are the Atlas bear of North Africa and the Californian, Ungavan and Mexican populations of the grizzly bear of North America. Many of the populations in the southern parts of Eurasia are highly endangered as well. One of the smaller-bodied forms, the Himalayan brown bear, is critically endangered, occupying only 2% of its former range and threatened by uncontrolled poaching for its body parts. The Marsican brown bear of central Italy is one of several currently isolated populations of the Eurasian brown bear and is believed to have a population of just bears.
The brown bear is considered to be one of the most popular of the world's charismatic megafauna. It has been kept in zoos since ancient times, and has been tamed and trained to perform in circuses and other acts. For thousands of years, the brown bear has found a predominant role in human culture, and is often featured in literature, art, folklore and mythology. Provided by Wikipedia
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4by Thiel, Alexandra (Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences), Evans, Alina L. (Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences), Hertel, Anne G. (Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich), Arnemo, Jon M. (Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences / Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences), Laske, Timothy G. (University of Minnesota), Støen, Ole-Gunnar (Norwegian Institute for Nature Research), Blanc, Stephane (University of Strasbourg / Centre national de la recherche scientifique), Fuchs, Boris (Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences), Devineau, Olivier (Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences), Friebe, Andrea (Scandinavian Brown Bear Research Project / Norwegian Institute for Nature Research), Giroud, Sylvain (University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna)Get access
Published in Frontiers in Physiology (2022)
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5by Ware, Jasmine V., Nelson, O. Lynne, Robbins, Charles T., Carter, Patrick A., Sarver, Brice A. J., Jansen, Heiko T.Contributors: “...Raili Korkka Brown Bear Fund...”
Published in Physiological Reports (2013)
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6by Gehring, J. L., Rigano, K. S., Evans Hutzenbiler, B. D., Nelson, O. L., Robbins, C. T., Jansen, H. T.Contributors: “...Raili Korkka Brown Bear Endowment...”
Published in Cytotechnology (2016)
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7by Finnegan, S. P., Svoboda, N. J., Fowler, N. L., Schooler, S. L., Belant, J. L.Contributors: “...Kodiak Brown Bear Trust...”
Published in Scientific Reports (2021)
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8by Tseng, Elizabeth, Underwood, Jason G, Evans Hutzenbiler, Brandon D, Trojahn, Shawn, Kingham, Brewster, Shevchenko, Olga, Bernberg, Erin, Vierra, Michelle, Robbins, Charles T, Jansen, Heiko T, Kelley, Joanna LContributors: “...Raili Korkka Brown Bear Endowment...”
Published in G3 Genes|Genomes|Genetics (2021)
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9by Bellemain, E., Swenson, Jon E, Tallmon, D., Brunberg, S., Taberlet, P.Contributors: “...Scandinavian Brown Bear Project...”
Published in Conservation Biology (2005)
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10by Bellemain, E., Swenson, Jon E, Tallmon, D., Brunberg, S., Taberlet, P.Contributors: “...Scandinavian Brown Bear Project...”
Published in Conservation Biology (2005)
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11by Bellemain, E., Swenson, Jon E, Tallmon, D., Brunberg, S., Taberlet, P.Contributors: “...Scandinavian Brown Bear Project...”
Published in Conservation Biology (2005)
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12by Bellemain, E., Swenson, Jon E, Tallmon, D., Brunberg, S., Taberlet, P.Contributors: “...Scandinavian Brown Bear Project...”
Published in Conservation Biology (2005)
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13by Bellemain, EvaContributors: “...Scandinavian Brown Bear Research Project...”
Published 2004
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14by Bellemain, EvaContributors: “...Scandinavian Brown Bear Research Project...”
Published 2004
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15by Bellemain, EvaContributors: “...Scandinavian Brown Bear Research Project...”
Published 2004
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16by Bellemain, EvaContributors: “...Scandinavian Brown Bear Research Project...”
Published 2004
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