Black
| caption = Clockwise, from top left: Anubis statue; American black bear; Galaxy NGC 406; The Supreme Court of the United States in October 2022; Portrait painting of Queen Victoria.
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|cmyk=(0, 0, 0, 100)}}Black is a color that results from the absence or complete absorption of visible light. It is an achromatic color, without hue, like white and grey. It is often used symbolically or figuratively to represent darkness. Black and white have often been used to describe opposites such as good and evil, the Dark Ages versus Age of Enlightenment, and night versus day. Since the Middle Ages, black has been the symbolic color of solemnity and authority, and for this reason it is still commonly worn by judges and magistrates.
Black was one of the first colors used by artists in Neolithic cave paintings. It was used in ancient Egypt and Greece as the color of the underworld. In the Roman Empire, it became the color of mourning, and over the centuries it was frequently associated with death, evil, witches, and magic. In the 14th century, it was worn by royalty, clergy, judges, and government officials in much of Europe. It became the color worn by English romantic poets, businessmen and statesmen in the 19th century, and a high fashion color in the 20th century. According to surveys in Europe and North America, it is the color most commonly associated with mourning, the end, secrets, magic, force, violence, fear, evil, and elegance.
Black is the most common ink color used for printing books, newspapers and documents, as it provides the highest contrast with white paper and thus is the easiest color to read. Similarly, black text on a white screen is the most common format used on computer screens. the darkest material is made by MIT engineers from vertically aligned carbon nanotubes.
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1581by Sawaya, Michael AllenContributors: “... of the article, 'Estimating grizzly and black bear population abundance and trend in Banff National Park using...”
Published 2012
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1582
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1583
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1584by Jorrat, Jorge Raúl, Evans, Ann, Haller, Max, Hadler, Markus, Segovia, Carolina, Hout, Michael, Marsden, Peter V., Smith, Tom W., Kalaycıoğlu, Ersin, Malnar, Brina, Hafner-Fink, Mitja, Ramos, Alice, Vala, Jorge, Cichomski, Bogdan, Mortensen, Anne K., Kolsrud, Kirstine, Skjåk, Knut K., Gendall, Philip, Koroleva, Ilze, Aramaki, Hiroshi, Tabuns, Aivars, Nishi, Kumiko, Hara, Miwako, Lewin-Epstein, Noah, Park, Alison, Robert, Peter, Lemel, Yannick, Forsé, Michel, Melin, Harri, Blom, Raimo, Carton, Ann, Pashkov, Marii, Täht, Kadri, Helemäe, Jelena, Jæger, Mads, Fridberg, Torben, Lüchau, Peter, Kjær, Ulrik, Gundelach, Peter, Harrits, Gitte S., Andersen, Jørgen G., Clement, Sanne L., Matějů, Petr, Simonová, Natalie, Papageorgiou, Bambos, Li, Lulu, Toš, Niko, Struwig, Jare, Kim, Sang-Wook, Diez-Nicholas, Juan, Edlund, Jonas, Svallfors, Stefan, Joye, Dominique, Chang, Ying-hwa, Paniotto, Volodimir, Makejev, S., Ólafsdóttir, Sigrún, Khakhulina, Ludmilla, Çarkoğlu, Ali, Bian, Yanjie, Bernburg, Jón Gunnar, Wolf, Christof, Institute for Sociology of Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakian Republic, Social Weather Stations, Quezon City, Philippines, Institute for Social Research, Zagreb, Croatia, Agency for Social Analyses (ASA), BulgariaContributors: “...Australia: Academic Surveys Australia, Black Rock, Melbourne...”
Published 2012
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1585by Jorrat, Jorge Raúl, Evans, Ann, Haller, Max, Hadler, Markus, Segovia, Carolina, Bian, Yanjie, Li, Lulu, Papageorgiou, Bambos, Simonová, Natalie, Matějů, Petr, Clement, Sanne L., Andersen, Jørgen G., Harrits, Gitte S., Gundelach, Peter, Kjær, Ulrik, Lüchau, Peter, Fridberg, Torben, Jæger, Mads, Helemäe, Jelena, Täht, Kadri, Pashkov, Marii, Carton, Ann, Blom, Raimo, Melin, Harri, Forsé, Michel, Lemel, Yannick, Wolf, Christof, Park, Alison, Ólafsdóttir, Sigrún, Bernburg, Jón Gunnar, Robert, Peter, Lewin-Epstein, Noah, Hara, Miwako, Nishi, Kumiko, Aramaki, Hiroshi, Tabuns, Aivars, Koroleva, Ilze, Gendall, Philip, Skjåk, Knut K., Kolsrud, Kirstine, Mortensen, Anne K., Cichomski, Bogdan, Vala, Jorge, Ramos, Alice, Khakhulina, Ludmilla, Hafner-Fink, Mitja, Malnar, Brina, Toš, Niko, Struwig, Jare, Kim, Sang-Wook, Diez-Nicholas, Juan, Edlund, Jonas, Svallfors, Stefan, Joye, Dominique, Chang, Ying-hwa, Çarkoğlu, Ali, Kalaycıoğlu, Ersin, Makejev, S., Paniotto, Volodimir, Smith, Tom W., Marsden, Peter V., Hout, Michael, Meraviglia, Cinzia, León, Roberto Briceño, Ávila, Olga, Camardiel, Alberto, Agency for Social Analyses (ASA), Bulgaria, Institute for Social Research, Zagreb, Croatia, Social Weather Stations, Quezon City, Philippines, Institute for Sociology of Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakian RepublicContributors: “...Australia: Academic Surveys Australia, Black Rock, Melbourne...”
Published 2012
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1586by Jorrat, Jorge Raúl, Hadler, Markus, Haller, Max, Evans, Ann, Hout, Michael, Marsden, Peter V., Smith, Tom W., Kalaycıoğlu, Ersin, Malnar, Brina, Hafner-Fink, Mitja, Ramos, Alice, Vala, Jorge, Cichomski, Bogdan, Mortensen, Anne K., Kolsrud, Kirstine, Skjåk, Knut K., Gendall, Philip, Koroleva, Ilze, Aramaki, Hiroshi, Tabuns, Aivars, Nishi, Kumiko, Hara, Miwako, Lewin-Epstein, Noah, Park, Alison, Robert, Peter, Lemel, Yannick, Forsé, Michel, Melin, Harri, Blom, Raimo, Carton, Ann, Pashkov, Marii, Täht, Kadri, Helemäe, Jelena, Jæger, Mads, Fridberg, Torben, Lüchau, Peter, Kjær, Ulrik, Gundelach, Peter, Harrits, Gitte S., Andersen, Jørgen G., Clement, Sanne L., Matějů, Petr, Simonová, Natalie, Papageorgiou, Bambos, Li, Lulu, Bian, Yanjie, Segovia, Carolina, To, Niko, Struwig, Jare, Kim, Sang-Wook, Diez-Nicholas, Juan, Edlund, Jonas, Svallfors, Stefan, Joye, Dominique, Chang, Ying-hwa, Paniotto, Volodimir, Makejev, S., Ólafsdóttir, Sigrún, Khakhulina, Ludmilla, Çarkoğlu, Ali, Bernburg, Jón Gunnar, Wolf, Christof, Institute for Sociology of Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakian Republic, Social Weather Stations, Quezon City, Philippines, Institute for Social Research, Zagreb, Croatia, Agency for Social Analyses (ASA), BulgariaContributors: “...Australien: Academic Surveys Australia, Black Rock, Melbourne...”
Published 2011
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1587by Lappalainen, Hanna K., Petäjä, Tuukka, Vihma, Timo, Räisänen, Jouni, Baklanov, Alexander, Chalov, Sergey R., Esau, Igor, Ezhova, Ekaterina, Leppäranta, Matti, Pozdnyakov, Dimitry V., Pumpanen, Jukka, Andreae, Meinrat O., Arshinov, Mikhail Yu, Asmi, Eija, Bai, Jianghui, Bashmachnikov, I., Belan, Boris D., Bianchi, Federico, Biskaborn, Boris K., Boy, Michael, Bäck, Jaana, Cheng, Bin, Chubarova, Nataly Ye, Duplissy, Jonathan, Dyukarev, Egor A., Eleftheriadis, Konstantinos, Forsius, Martin, Heimann, Martin, Juhola, Sirkku, Konovalov, Vladimir, Konovalov, Igor B., Konstantinov, Pavel I., Köster, Kajar, Lapshina, Elena D., Lintunen, Anna, Mahura, Alexander Gr, Makkonen, Risto, Malkhazova, Svetlana M., Mammarella, Ivan, Mammola, Stefano, Mazon, Stephany, Meinander, Outi, Mikhailov, E. F., Miles, Victoria V., Myslenkov, Stanislav A., Orlov, Dmitry S., Paris, Jean Daniel, Pirazzini, Roberta, Popovicheva, Olga B., Pulliainen, Jouni T.Contributors: “... nos. 280700, 294600, 296302 (Novel Assessment of Black Carbon in the Eurasian Arctic: From Historical...”
Published in Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (2022)
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1588by Lappalainen, Hanna K., Petäjä, Tuukka, Vihma, Timo, Räisänen, Jouni, Baklanov, Alexander, Chalov, Sergey R., Esau, Igor, Ezhova, Ekaterina, Leppäranta, Matti, Pozdnyakov, Dimitry V., Pumpanen, Jukka, Andreae, Meinrat O., Arshinov, Mikhail Yu, Asmi, Eija, Bai, Jianghui, Bashmachnikov, I., Belan, Boris D., Bianchi, Federico, Biskaborn, Boris K., Boy, Michael, Bäck, Jaana, Cheng, Bin, Chubarova, Nataly Ye, Duplissy, Jonathan, Dyukarev, Egor A., Eleftheriadis, Konstantinos, Forsius, Martin, Heimann, Martin, Juhola, Sirkku, Konovalov, Vladimir, Konovalov, Igor B., Konstantinov, Pavel I., Köster, Kajar, Lapshina, Elena D., Lintunen, Anna, Mahura, Alexander Gr, Makkonen, Risto, Malkhazova, Svetlana M., Mammarella, Ivan, Mammola, Stefano, Mazon, Stephany, Meinander, Outi, Mikhailov, E. F., Miles, Victoria V., Myslenkov, Stanislav A., Orlov, Dmitry S., Paris, Jean Daniel, Pirazzini, Roberta, Popovicheva, Olga B., Pulliainen, Jouni T., Rautiainen, Kimmo, Sachs, Torsten, Shevchenko, Vladimir P., Skorokhod, Andrey Ivanovich, Stohl, Andreas, Suhonen, Elli, Thomson, Erik S., Tsidilina, Marina N., Tynkkynen, Veli Pekka, Uotila, Petteri, Virkkula, Aki, Voropay, Nadezhda N., Wolf, Tobias, Yasunaka, Sayaka, Zhang, Jiahua, Qiu, Yubao, Ding, Aijun, Guo, Huadong, Bondur, Valeriy G., Kasimov, Nikolay S., Zilitinkevich, Sergej S., Kerminen, Veli Matti, Kulmala, MarkkuContributors: “... nos. 280700, 294600, 296302 (Novel Assessment of Black Carbon in the Eurasian Arctic: From Historical...”
Published in Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (2022)
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1589by Lappalainen, Hanna K., Petäjä, Tuukka, Vihma, Timo, Räisänen, Jouni, Baklanov, Alexander, Chalov, Sergey R., Esau, Igor, Ezhova, Ekaterina, Leppäranta, Matti, Pozdnyakov, Dimitry V., Pumpanen, Jukka, Andreae, Meinrat O., Arshinov, Mikhail Yu, Asmi, Eija, Bai, Jianghui, Bashmachnikov, I., Belan, Boris D., Bianchi, Federico, Biskaborn, Boris K., Boy, Michael, Bäck, Jaana, Cheng, Bin, Chubarova, Nataly Ye, Duplissy, Jonathan, Dyukarev, Egor A., Eleftheriadis, Konstantinos, Forsius, Martin, Heimann, Martin, Juhola, Sirkku, Konovalov, Vladimir, Konovalov, Igor B., Konstantinov, Pavel I., Köster, Kajar, Lapshina, Elena D., Lintunen, Anna, Mahura, Alexander Gr, Makkonen, Risto, Malkhazova, Svetlana M., Mammarella, Ivan, Mammola, Stefano, Mazon, Stephany, Meinander, Outi, Mikhailov, E. F., Miles, Victoria V., Myslenkov, Stanislav A., Orlov, Dmitry S., Paris, Jean Daniel, Pirazzini, Roberta, Popovicheva, Olga B., Pulliainen, Jouni T., Rautiainen, Kimmo, Sachs, Torsten, Shevchenko, Vladimir P., Skorokhod, Andrey Ivanovich, Stohl, Andreas, Suhonen, Elli, Thomson, Erik S., Tsidilina, Marina N., Tynkkynen, Veli Pekka, Uotila, Petteri, Virkkula, Aki, Voropay, Nadezhda N., Wolf, Tobias, Yasunaka, Sayaka, Zhang, Jiahua, Qiu, Yubao, Ding, Aijun, Guo, Huadong, Bondur, Valeriy G., Kasimov, Nikolay S., Zilitinkevich, Sergej S., Kerminen, Veli Matti, Kulmala, MarkkuContributors: “... nos. 280700, 294600, 296302 (Novel Assessment of Black Carbon in the Eurasian Arctic: From Historical...”
Published in Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (2022)
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1590by Lappalainen, Hanna K., Petäjä, Tuukka, Vihma, Timo, Räisänen, Jouni, Baklanov, Alexander, Chalov, Sergey R., Esau, Igor, Ezhova, Ekaterina, Leppäranta, Matti, Pozdnyakov, Dimitry V., Pumpanen, Jukka, Andreae, Meinrat O., Arshinov, Mikhail Yu, Asmi, Eija, Bai, Jianghui, Bashmachnikov, I., Belan, Boris D., Bianchi, Federico, Biskaborn, Boris K., Boy, Michael, Bäck, Jaana, Cheng, Bin, Chubarova, Nataly Ye, Duplissy, Jonathan, Dyukarev, Egor A., Eleftheriadis, Konstantinos, Forsius, Martin, Heimann, Martin, Juhola, Sirkku, Konovalov, Vladimir, Konovalov, Igor B., Konstantinov, Pavel I., Köster, Kajar, Lapshina, Elena D., Lintunen, Anna, Mahura, Alexander Gr, Makkonen, Risto, Malkhazova, Svetlana M., Mammarella, Ivan, Mammola, Stefano, Mazon, Stephany, Meinander, Outi, Mikhailov, E. F., Miles, Victoria V., Myslenkov, Stanislav A., Orlov, Dmitry S., Paris, Jean Daniel, Pirazzini, Roberta, Popovicheva, Olga B., Pulliainen, Jouni T., Rautiainen, Kimmo, Sachs, Torsten, Shevchenko, Vladimir P., Skorokhod, Andrey Ivanovich, Stohl, Andreas, Suhonen, Elli, Thomson, Erik S., Tsidilina, Marina N., Tynkkynen, Veli Pekka, Uotila, Petteri, Virkkula, Aki, Voropay, Nadezhda N., Wolf, Tobias, Yasunaka, Sayaka, Zhang, Jiahua, Qiu, Yubao, Ding, Aijun, Guo, Huadong, Bondur, Valeriy G., Kasimov, Nikolay S., Zilitinkevich, Sergej S., Kerminen, Veli Matti, Kulmala, MarkkuContributors: “... nos. 280700, 294600, 296302 (Novel Assessment of Black Carbon in the Eurasian Arctic: From Historical...”
Published in Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (2022)
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1591by Lappalainen, Hanna K., Petäjä, Tuukka, Vihma, Timo, Räisänen, Jouni, Baklanov, Alexander, Chalov, Sergey R., Esau, Igor, Ezhova, Ekaterina, Leppäranta, Matti, Pozdnyakov, Dimitry V., Pumpanen, Jukka, Andreae, Meinrat O., Arshinov, Mikhail Yu, Asmi, Eija, Bai, Jianghui, Bashmachnikov, I., Belan, Boris D., Bianchi, Federico, Biskaborn, Boris K., Boy, Michael, Bäck, Jaana, Cheng, Bin, Chubarova, Nataly Ye, Duplissy, Jonathan, Dyukarev, Egor A., Eleftheriadis, Konstantinos, Forsius, Martin, Heimann, Martin, Juhola, Sirkku, Konovalov, Vladimir, Konovalov, Igor B., Konstantinov, Pavel I., Köster, Kajar, Lapshina, Elena D., Lintunen, Anna, Mahura, Alexander Gr, Makkonen, Risto, Malkhazova, Svetlana M., Mammarella, Ivan, Mammola, Stefano, Mazon, Stephany, Meinander, Outi, Mikhailov, E. F., Miles, Victoria V., Myslenkov, Stanislav A., Orlov, Dmitry S., Paris, Jean Daniel, Pirazzini, Roberta, Popovicheva, Olga B., Pulliainen, Jouni T., Rautiainen, Kimmo, Sachs, Torsten, Shevchenko, Vladimir P., Skorokhod, Andrey Ivanovich, Stohl, Andreas, Suhonen, Elli, Thomson, Erik S., Tsidilina, Marina N., Tynkkynen, Veli Pekka, Uotila, Petteri, Virkkula, Aki, Voropay, Nadezhda N., Wolf, Tobias, Yasunaka, Sayaka, Zhang, Jiahua, Qiu, Yubao, Ding, Aijun, Guo, Huadong, Bondur, Valeriy G., Kasimov, Nikolay S., Zilitinkevich, Sergej S., Kerminen, Veli Matti, Kulmala, MarkkuContributors: “... nos. 280700, 294600, 296302 (Novel Assessment of Black Carbon in the Eurasian Arctic: From Historical...”
Published in Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (2022)
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1592by Lappalainen, Hanna K., Petäjä, Tuukka, Vihma, Timo, Räisänen, Jouni, Baklanov, Alexander, Chalov, Sergey R., Esau, Igor, Ezhova, Ekaterina, Leppäranta, Matti, Pozdnyakov, Dimitry V., Pumpanen, Jukka, Andreae, Meinrat O., Arshinov, Mikhail Yu, Asmi, Eija, Bai, Jianghui, Bashmachnikov, I., Belan, Boris D., Bianchi, Federico, Biskaborn, Boris K., Boy, Michael, Bäck, Jaana, Cheng, Bin, Chubarova, Nataly Ye, Duplissy, Jonathan, Dyukarev, Egor A., Eleftheriadis, Konstantinos, Forsius, Martin, Heimann, Martin, Juhola, Sirkku, Konovalov, Vladimir, Konovalov, Igor B., Konstantinov, Pavel I., Köster, Kajar, Lapshina, Elena D., Lintunen, Anna, Mahura, Alexander Gr, Makkonen, Risto, Malkhazova, Svetlana M., Mammarella, Ivan, Mammola, Stefano, Mazon, Stephany, Meinander, Outi, Mikhailov, E. F., Miles, Victoria V., Myslenkov, Stanislav A., Orlov, Dmitry S., Paris, Jean Daniel, Pirazzini, Roberta, Popovicheva, Olga B., Pulliainen, Jouni T., Rautiainen, Kimmo, Sachs, Torsten, Shevchenko, Vladimir P., Skorokhod, Andrey Ivanovich, Stohl, Andreas, Suhonen, Elli, Thomson, Erik S., Tsidilina, Marina N., Tynkkynen, Veli Pekka, Uotila, Petteri, Virkkula, Aki, Voropay, Nadezhda N., Wolf, Tobias, Yasunaka, Sayaka, Zhang, Jiahua, Qiu, Yubao, Ding, Aijun, Guo, Huadong, Bondur, Valeriy G., Kasimov, Nikolay S., Zilitinkevich, Sergej S., Kerminen, Veli Matti, Kulmala, MarkkuContributors: “... nos. 280700, 294600, 296302 (Novel Assessment of Black Carbon in the Eurasian Arctic: From Historical...”
Published in Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (2022)
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